Tari
Francois RaL - marubuci-ɗan adam, wakilin Renaissance. Shahararren marubucin duniya ya kawo littafin "Gargania da pantagryel". Grotesque Romance Rahamar Rahamar da ke cikin hadisai na mutane, da akida na zamani da hotunan halaye.
An haifi Francois Rel a 1494 a cikin lardin Faransa na Turne, a cikin garin da ake kira Shinon. Wasu masu bincike suna da tabbaci cewa ranar bayyanar akan haske tana da inganci da shekaru 1483. Tattaunawa game da wurin haihuwa, kwanan wata, matsayin zamantakewa na iyaye da yanayin iyali wanda kadan Francois ya rayu, ya bambanta.
Masu bi suna ba da shawarar cewa mahaifinsa zai iya zama lauya, ɗan kasuwa ko kananan manuniya. Babu ingantattun bayanai kan wannan, don haka shimfida don masu binciken masu hankali suna da girma. Mahaifiyar marubucin ya mutu lokacin da yaron ya yi saurayi, ko da yake sukan sabani ga wannan.
Ana sanar da cewa a cikin 15110 yaron an canza shi zuwa ilimi a cikin gidan ibada na Franciscan, inda ya yi ilimi. A cikin 1521, waɗanda masu biyayya suka karɓi alƙawarin. A lokacin, firistoci na da ilimi ne. Daga gare su an kawo su da masana likitanci da Likitocin Falsafa da lauyoyi. Kasancewa difloma, sun jagoranci lokacin da abin da ke faruwa akan ƙasarsu ta asali.
Duk da yake a cikin gidan sufi, Rabela ya ba da rahoton Latin, dokar Roman da kimiyyar halitta, magani da ilmin jikin mutum. Bangaren bukatun ya hada da tarihi, Phoryy, adabi da kimiyyar halitta. Yaron ya koma cikin jin kai da kimiyyar halitta, ba manta game da ci gaban ruhaniya ba. Saurayi Rabba ya ƙaunaci bincike kuma ya kirkiro da yawa, wanda, bayan littafin, da yabo ya haskaka kimiyyar wannan lokacin.
Don odar St. Francris, ayyukan matasa Francois sun kawo fa'ida kuma ba su ci gaba da hade da Hadisai da manyan da suka kai a gidan sufi. Amma ɗakin karatun da suka kasance sun daina ciyar da matashin masanin kimiyya. A cikin 1524, an sami littattafan Helenanci a cikin ɗakin karatunsa, waɗanda aka fahimta ta hanyar tauhidi a matsayin kayan da ke inganta Fa'akarwa. Tare da taimakonsu da ake zargi yana yiwuwa a fassara Sabon Alkawari.
Abubuwan da aka cire littattafan da ke tsokani kula da Ra'aba a gindin da aka kwantar da hankalinsu. Sojojin St. Bentisticer a Melzé ya zama mazaunin wanda Francois ya ci gaba da samun ilimi. Daga baya, Monk ya bar Ma'aikatar Ikklisiya, fara karatun magunguna. A cikin 1532, ya buga Galen da ayyukan Hippocratic kuma suna tsunduma cikin aikin likita. Relaba ya zama Firistular firist, Likita na Magunguna da Karatun Karatu ga ɗalibai a cikin bututun da Montpellier.
Litattafai
Francois Raba ne marubucin ra'ayoyin ilimi. Littafin sa littafi ya kunshi ayyuka 20, daga cikinsu akwai littattafai game da ilmin jikin mutum da ayyuka, suna yin tsokaci game da aikin munafukai. An buga Relaba a cikin Almanhs, yana sa ka'idoji game da bayyanar, halaye da halayen likita akan marasa lafiya. Ya kuma zama marubucin ayyukan ayyuka da al'adun gine-gine da al'adu. Masu bi suna kira waɗannan ayyukan ta hanyar mawaƙa.
Babban nasarar da aka saba a rayuwar Francois Rabl shine labari game da Kattai mai suna Gargatua da pantagruel. A cikin sake zagayowar littattafai 5, marubucin ya nuna kansa a matsayin satir mai zurfi. Don ƙirƙirar babban aiki, mai ban sha'awa ne ta hanyar saninsa tare da shiga cikin labarin Gargasaccea. A cikin kwaikwayon Relaba ya yanke shawarar gama wani irin ci gaba, ƙara labarin labarin sarkin Sarki tsoma baki. A cikin 1532, littafin "pantagruel" wanda aka buga a karkashin Alcofrybas mai suna. An la'ane ta cikin Sorbonne, ya fahimci OrStcencene. Jama'a a cikin adawa da masana kimiyya sun yi farin ciki da aikin Rabl.
Bayan shekaru biyu, Francois ya rubuta littafin "Garstan", wanda, a gabanta da aka bayyana a farkon aiki, kamar yadda Gargasa ya gabatar da Uba na farko. A cikin 1546 littafin 3 ya bayyana ga haske. Marubucinta ya ja hannu da sunansa, watsi da batun magana. A cikin fitowar Sorbonlany, heresy kuma aka zaɓa. Amma la'ancin ya zo daga wasu masu karatu: majalisar ta dakatar da aikin. An ba da labarin lafiya, tunda haɗarin kewaye da abubuwa da yawa masu tasiri, wanda ɗan adam ke amfani da su.
Don buga wani kashi na 3 na Opus game da Gargasua da Pantagruela, Rafar bai sami hukunci daga batun ba saboda fangor da Francis I. Macijin da aka ba shi izini ga marubucin ya buga wa marubucin ci gaba da labari. Gaskiya ne, bayan rasuwar sarki, gwamnati ta sake daina sayar da littattafan Gattaunawa a lokacin.
Littafin rufin na 5 ya fito bayan mutuwar Rabl. Wasu masu sukar masu rubuce-rubuce sunyi imani cewa bai kamata a danganta shi da kerawa na marubuci ba, tunda karshe na labarin zai iya ƙirƙirar mutum daga ɗalibai ko mabiyan marubucin. Baya ga tarihin Garstana da Pantagruela, RAABL ya rubuta saticial ayyuka da kan sauran batutuwa. Masu sauraro sun hadu da 'Subyclopedia na dariya. " Bakin ciki irony, mockery, conjugate da al'adun gargajiya na zamanin ƙarni na 16, kawo mai karatu abin yarda na gaske.
Masu sha'awar kirkirar Robal sun yaba da gajeren labaran marubutan. Yarjejeniyar da marubucin ke bayan gida yana da alaƙa da jigogi na lokaci kuma tare da abin da ke haifar da dariya a kowane lokaci na tarihi. Francois Ridiyon Likihari. A cikin bincikensa, Mikhail Bakhtin ya yi tunani a kan taken al'adar mutane a cikin ayyukan Rabl. Mai binciken ya yi kira da yadda marubucin ya yi? Sabili da haka, Joke mai wahala ya kasance mai ban dariya kuma yanzu, duk da cewa sun rasa daidaito yayin tsarin fassara.
Rayuwar sirri
Francois Related ya shiga cikin ayyukan rubutu, hada shi tare da matsayin mutum na mutane. Ya ƙunshi kusanci da haɗin kai tare da Jean Duan Duan Duumble, wanda bai daɗe cikin cocin cocin. Gulaume Duumbe har ila yau ya kwace RACL. Marubucin yana da yara ba bisa doka ba guda biyu wanda asalinta ta taimaka wajen baiwa abokan sa, shirya tsarin shari'a a cikin 1540. Auguste Francois da Jami ya karɓi sunan Uban.
Game da rayuwar mutum na Saticar ba kaɗan. A cikin shekara ta 1864, marubucin da marubuci kuma ya sami ɗa daga wurin Maiden Zhanna. Yaron da ake kira Theodul. Ya mutu yana da shekara 2.
Daga 1547, Reliis Relba ya yi aiki a matsayin Vicar a arewa maso yamma na Faransa, a Ikklesiya a Saint-Zhambbe da Mödon. Ikilisiya inda ya ɗauki parisioners, a yau. Game da tarihin babban abin da ya ce daga baya, Vicar ta yanzu ta faɗi tare da nishaɗi. Masu binciken sun yi imanin cewa an tilasta RABL ya karbi alƙawarin saboda rashin lafiyar rashin kunya. Zuwan a wannan lokacin yayi mafarki na samun kowane malamai na addini na addini. Wataƙila bawan da nan bai gaza yin amfani da dangantakar ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kasancewa mai kama da kan shafukan da ke aiki, wani jigon da rayuwa. Tare da buddes, sau da yawa yana haɗa ANECDotes da labarun ban dariya.
Don mayar da bayyanar marubucin ba zai yiwu ba. Ya sa ɗan gajeren gashi da gashin baki. Wasu hotuna na marubucin ya sa ya ɗauka yadda ta yi kama da, amma hotunan sun bambanta. Mafi sau da yawa, RABL wakiltar wani dattijo da gemu. Abinda yasan marubucin a cikin matasa shekaru Duniya ya yi farin ciki da Henri Matisse. An yi hoton a cikin 1951, ba a rubuta shi daga yanayi ba.
Mutuwa
A cikin 1552, Relan Francois ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ɗakin kwana, wanda ya tambaye shi ya cire shi daga zuwa saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya. Cocin ya tafi haduwa. A cikin hunturu, marubucin 1553rd ya koma Paris. Ya rayu a cikin wani yanki mai fa'ida wanda ya mutu a watan Afrilu na wannan shekara. Leekar Lekari bai ba da kula da lafiyar da ake bukata ba. Ba a gano ainihin dalilin mutuwa ba.
Babu abin da aka sani game da kwanakin ƙarshe na rayuwar marubucin. Masu bi har ma suna da wahalar kiran madaidaicin wurin saticaries. An yi imanin cewa jikinsa ya sami mafaka na ƙarshe a kan makabartar metropolitan tare da babban tarihin St. Paul. Littattafan Cathedral sun tabbatar da bayanin da litattafan cocin, amma version na binne na Ra'ayi yana cikin wani wuri. Albishiyar mutuwar marubucin a 1554 ta rubuta JacQules Tieroo da Pierre de Ronsar.
A cikin gado na Francois, Bababa ya bar zuriyar aikin, sanannen labari, labaru da kwatancen, wanda ke nuna digiri na bayyanar da marubutan su.
Faɗa
"Ba na kalli agogo: Ba a ƙirƙira lokacin don mutum ba, ba wani mutum bane na lokaci." "Fadadin ya zo yayin cin abinci." "Yanayin bai yarda da fanko ba."Littafi daya
- 1532 - "Pantagruel, Sarkin Dfisodes, wanda aka nuna a cikin gamsuwarsa da duk abin da ya faɗi da kuma amfani"
- 1534 - "Pantagruel, Sarkin Dfisodes, wanda aka nuna a cikin gamsuwa da gamsuwa da duk mummunan ayyukan ta da amfani"
- 1546 - "Littafin Uku na-Uku na ayyukan jaruntaka da koguna masu kyau pantagruel, da matra Francois RABL, Likita na Magunguna"
- 1552 - "Littafin Haɗin Hanci da Ayyuka na Labaran Fantangaryel, da Matra Francois Rabl, Likita na Magunguna"
- 1564 - "Biyar, da na ƙarshe, littafin jaruntaka abubuwa da koguna na kwarai pantruela, wani rubutun likita Mattra Francois Rabl"