Tari
Tarihin rayuwar Jagoran Tarayyar Nikolai Bukharin na musamman ne kuma na musamman tricy. Bai kasance "talakawa" Bolshevik ba, bai wuce yakin basasa ba, amma a lokaci guda ya sami damar zama daya daga cikin manyan 'yan'uwa. Buktar mallakar harsuna da yawa da yawa da ke haifar da ilimin encyclopedic, wani dan jarida ne da kuma yanke hukunci mai yanke hukunci, amma magana ba ta taimaka masa a cikin rashin laifi ba.Yaro da matasa
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin da aka haife shi a Zamoskvorechye, a Big Elilinkye, Satumba 27 (9 ga Oktoba) na 1888. Iyayensa sun yi aiki a matsayin malaman firamare a makaranta. A cikin 1893, dangi sun koma Chisinau, inda mahaifiya shivilvich ya karbi matsayin mai binciken mai sa ido, amma bayan shekaru 4 ya koma babban birnin.
Omean Kohl ya yi nazari mai kyau da makarantar motsa jiki. Bayan makaranta, ya zama ɗalibin dokokin doka na Jami'ar Moscow. A wannan lokacin, Bukharin ya kasance mai sha'awar aiki a cikin siyasa har ma ya sami damar shiga cikin bikin Bolshevikaks, don haka dole ne a haɗa binciken tare da aiki tare da aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago. Lokacin da ya shirya wani taron matasa a babban birnin, Tsammani da Komsomol ya yi shekara, yana da shekara 19.
Aiki da jam'iyyu
Kulawa na farko ya faru tuni a 1909. Wannan yanayin da 2 daga baya mai tsanani ga Bukharwar bai juya, amma haƙurin hukumomi sun ƙare, don haka a 1911 an aiko shi daga Moscowsk na Arkhangeslsk. Bayan 'yan watanni bayan haka, tare da taimakon abokai, ya gudu daga wurin tunani a kasashen waje - da farko a cikin hanoveret, sannan kuma zuwa Hungary. A nan ne ya sadu da vladimir Lenin da Yusufu Stalin.
Nikolai Ivanovich ta ci gaba da yin hijira da kuma ci gaba da ilimin kai da kuma yin nazari a hankali ayyukan svopir da kuma litattafan Markisanci. Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya fara, hukuma ce ta Hukur-Hungary don kawar da yiwuwar leken asiri kuma ya aiko Buktar a Switzerland. Bayan haka, dan siyasa ya canza yawancin birane Turai, amma bai dace da ɗayansu ba, don haka na tafi Amurka.
A watan Oktoba na 1916, a New York, Bukharin ya ba da sanarwar sanin tare da Lvom Trotsky. Tare sun yi aiki akan gyaran mujallar "sabuwar duniya". Babban aiki na Nikolai Ivanovich - "tattalin arzikin duniya da mulkin mallaka" - an rubuta shi a 1915. Lenin a hankali karanta shi kuma gaba daya godiya sosai, amma sannan suka yi watsi da marubucin yanke hukunci na al'ummomin kai.
Lokacin da juyin juya halin watan Fabrea ya faru a Rasha, Bukharin ya so ya koma kasarsa nan da nan, amma yana kan babban birnin kasar nan da nan, sannan kuma a yankin da ya dawo, shi ne, sannan a cikin Vladaivostok don tashin hankali tsakanin matuƙan jirgin ruwa da sojoji.
A shekarar 1917, ya zama memba na Babban kwamitin na RSDLP, ya dauki matsayi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya fara gudanar da ayyukan farfaganda aiki. Daga ƙasashen waje Nikolai Ivanovich ya dawo, yana da kyakkyawan aikin jarida, saboda haka ya zama wanda aka kafa shi da Editan-in-Chief na jaridar Pravda, kuma daga baya - littafin "kwaminisanci".
Wannan lokacin ya kasance mai 'yanci ga aikin halitta. Bukhar ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masanan kwaminisanci na lokaci: A cikin "shirin 'yan takarar kwaminisanci (Bolsheviks", "ABC' yan kwaminisanci", "ABc na kwaminisanci" matakan canzawa a cikin ƙasa An bincika tattalin arziki, hanyoyin magance matsalolin jama'a daga matsayin Markisanci.
Lenin a cikin bincike game da batun abokin aikin abokin aiki, amma matsayin Bukhar a kan wasu batutuwa na gargajiya. Ya rama shi a cikin wuce kima memoriciti da himma ta hanyar ƙasashen waje, da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasashen waje a cikin littattafan da aka ɗauka "ba mai tsananin Marxist ba".
A shekara ta 1919, Bukharin ya sha wahala daga harin ta'addanci da aka shirya ta hanyar Achacistists - masu laifin jefa bam a jam'iyyar a Leontytevsky Lane. Raunin ya kasance mai mahimmanci, amma ya sami damar murmurewa da aiki.
A cikin 1923, Nikolai Ivanovich ya goyan bayan Lenin a cikin yaƙin da ke adawa da su. Mutuwar Jagora a cikin Janairu 1924 ya zama babban tasiri na ruhaniya - ya dauke shi mafi kusancin abokinsa, da Lenin kansa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma ya kira shi kwata-kwata. A cikin "Sha'awar", Vladimir Ilyich ya lura cewa Bukharin shine mutum mafi mahimmanci, ta hanyar doka, wanne ne taken na wani abincin da aka fi so.
Kula da abokin tarayya masu tasiri a gare shi wuri a cikin shugabancin biki - A wannan shekarar Nikolai Ivanovich ya zama memba na siyasa. A wannan lokacin, dangantakar abokantaka ta sada zumunta da Stalin an karfafa, amma a 1928 sun yi ma'amala da kudaden shiga. Bukharin ya yi kokarin shawo kan abokan aikin kada su fitar da "Kulakov" a zahiri, amma a hankali daidaita cikin hakki tare da sauran ƙauyen.
Joseph Vissarionvichichi yayi magana sosai, bayan shekara guda, ƙungiyar Bukharin ta ci gaba a cikin Plenum, kuma shi da kansa ya hana shi duka posts. Bayan mako guda, murabus din ya amince da amincewa a bainar "kurakurai", saboda haka ya sake yarda wa jagoranci, amma wannan lokacin a cikin ilimin kimiyya da fasaha.
A shekara ta 1932, Bukhar ya jagorance shi ta hanyar shan kwayoyi na masana'antar da ke tattare da ta USSR. A cikin layi daya, ya kasance cikin buga wasa da fara kirkirar halittar "babban soviet encyclopedia". Duk da kalaman tsawan kalamai, dan siyasa ba ya barin fatan dimokiradiyya, tun lokacin da aka amince Stalin mai tsauraran ra'ayi. Nikolai Ivanovich da zafi ke maraba da kirkirar tsarin mulki na USSR, ba da sanin cewa da yawa daga arzikinta zai ci gaba da yin rikodin su ba.
Distilless da ƙarshe
A shekara ta 1936, abokan gaba da farko sun fara gabatar da kara a kokarin kirkirar "toshe hannun dama tare da Rykov da Tomsk. A wancan lokacin, binciken ya daina bin diddigin dalilai, amma a cikin shekara daya kawai, Bukhariin sake ake zargi a cikin tsare-tsaren prepucial. Dan siyasa ya dage kan rashin laifi, ya rubuta suna zanga-zangar zanga-zangar, har ma yajin fama da yunwa, amma bai taimaka ba - an kama shi - an kama shi ne ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1937.
A cikin fursuna na ciki akan Lubyanka Nikolai Ivanovich ya yi aiki akan littattafan "Falsophical Arabesques", theayan "sau" da tarin waƙoƙi. Ya ɗan sanye da laifin ba tare da ƙirƙira a kowane ɗayan episode ba, kuma a cikin kalmar ƙarshe sake ƙoƙarin bayyana rashin amincin sa.
Rayuwar sirri
Rayuwar rayuwar shugaban jam'iyyar da ta tsananta. Duk wanda ya kewaye shi da makoki, ku yi ɓarna da mutuwa. Nikolai Bukhardin ya yi aure sau uku, Matan farko da Nadezhda Lukina ta ma na da dan uwan. Sun yi aure a 1911 kuma sun kasance tare fiye da shekaru 10. Ba su da yara gama gari - Matar sha wahala daga cutar kashin baya kuma ba za ta iya motsawa ba tare da corset na musamman ba.
Ko bayan da aka kashe, ta ci gaba da abokantaka: Lokacin da aka kama shi a shekarar 1938, kwanan nan ya yi imani da niyyar da ba ta son ta. A cikin sakonnin da aka azabtar da shekaru 2, bayan an harba LINK.
Matar ta biyu ta Gurokich ta zama matar ta biyu. Hadinsu na yau da kullun ya kasance shekara 8, ta mayar masa da 'yar Svetlana. A lokacin aiwatar da ayyukan farko na Moscow, da dangi nan da nan ba su rabuwa da Bukharin, amma mahaifiyarsu - mahaifiyarsu, da 'yarsu kuma ta shiga cikin harabar suka mutu bayan mutuwar Stalin.
Auren na uku, wanda ya juya ya zama mafi ƙarancin, Bukhari ya kammala a 1934. An zabi Anna Lanina larina, 'yar abokin aiki a cikin wani biki, wanda bayan zartar da mijin ya tafi hanyar haɗi. Sun haifi ɗan Yuri, ya girma, ba abin da ya san iyaye. Daga baya aka buga shi kuma ya karbi sunan mahaifiyar liyafar - Gusman. Dranson Bukharin, Nikolayinin Lin, ya zama kocin kwallon kafa kuma ya jagoranci makarantar wasanni na yara a Moscow.
Tare da Lunacharsky da Lenin, Bukhar An dauki ɗayan wakilai masu hankali na jam'iyyar. Ya mallaki harsuna 3 da gaske, ya ji wani mai magana da magana, ya shahara ga ikon da sauri samun harshe gama gari tare da kowane mutum.
Bugu da kari, Nikolai Ivanovich wani kyakkyawan zane mai zane, da yardar kaina ya zana zane a kan abokan gaba Comarrades har ma da wallafa aiki a kan prevda shafukan. Yana cikin kawai hotunan kawai na Stalin, wanda aka rubuta daga yanayi, kuma ba tare da hoto ba.
Ya tallafa wa marubutan da yawa - Maxim Gorky, Boris Pasternak, Osipa Mandelstam. Tare da Seseyin, Bukharina yana da dangantakar hadaddun - a lokaci guda ya ɗauka cewa marubuci "" mai cutarwa "wanda ya kashe abin da ya yi, amma bayan kisan kai game da mawakar, ya yi watsi da maganganun jama'a game da shi.
Mutuwa
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 1938, tsohon jam'iyyar da aka yanke hukuncin kisa. Cikakken mai yanke shawara a cikin wasiƙar da shugaba ya roƙe shi ya zo da kwano na kwano, "don yin barci kuma bai farka ba," Amma a cikin mutuwa tazara ta hana shi. An kai manufofin zuwa ƙauyen ƙauyen na ƙauyen da harbe, jikin ya ƙone kusa da wannan wuri.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa - mutuwar abokan aikin an yi hasashen Nikolay Ivanovich a matasan nasa. Jamusanci Clairvoyant a 1918 sanar da shi cewa za a zartar da shi a cikin nasa asalin ƙasarsa, kuma wanda mafarkai na canza Rasha ta samu abin mamaki da jin daɗin ji.
An sadaukar da manufofin zuwa manufar fina-finai da yawa - zane-zane zane-zane "Nikolai Bukharin - Mai ba da izini ga dangantakarsa da Annan Laiina), da kuma tef ɗin fasaha" maƙiyin Mutanen Bukharin ", inda Alexander Romantov ya taka rawar.
Aikace-aikace
- 1914 - 'Yan Siyasa Siyasa. Ka'idar dabi'u da makarantar Austria ta Austria "
- 1923 - "tattalin arzikin duniya da mulkin"
- 1918 - "shirin kwaminisanci (bolsheviks)"
- 1919 - "Yin gwagwarmaya da juyin juya halin"
- 1919 - "ABC na kwaminisanci: shahararren bayanin shirin kungiyar Rasha (Bolshevikaks)"
- 1920 - "tattalin arzikin canzawa"
- 1923 - "Rikicin Hukunci da kungiyar Kwaminisanci"
- 1924 - "Ka'idar kayan tarihi"
- 1928 - "Bayanan Masana Jiki"
- 1932 - "goethe da ma'anarsa na tarihi"
- 1932 - "Darwiniyanci da Markism"
- 2008 - "fursuna Lubyanka. Littattafan gidan kurkukun Nikolai Bukharina "