Tari
Thomas Gobbs ne English masanin kimiyya da kuma zurfin tunani na XVII karni, wanda aka dauke da kafa siyasa falsafa da kuma gudummawar da irin kimiyyar kamar yadda tarihi, fikihu, tauhidin, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma lissafi. Mafi shahararrun aikin NOBBES ya zama "Leviafifan" bita, a matsayin daya daga cikin farkon da tasiri da kuma misalai masu tasiri na ka'idar kwangilar jama'a.Ƙaddara
An haifi Thomas Gobs a cikin garin Ingilishi na WestPort, yanzu ake kira Malmsbury, Afrilu 5, 1588. Yaron suna bayan Uba, Thomas-babba wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Vicaria a cikin Charlton da Westport. Lokacin da 'ya'yan Hobbs sun kasance ƙanana, mahaifa ya fito tare da furta na gida kuma ya bar London, ya bar iyali zuwa kula da wani dattijo, mai arziki da ba kowa dan kasuwa. Sunan da yanayin darussan mahaifiyar ba a sani ba.
Asa, yaro, Falsafa na gaba ya halarci makarantar majami'a na gaba, sannan kuma kwamitin sirri. A cikin 1603, Thomas ya zama makarantar koleji na kwaleji, wanda shine farkon wanda ya riga shi na Oxford Haskord. Horo a kan wani shirin mutum, Gobs sun karbi digiri na farko kuma, akan shawarar daya daga cikin malamai, samu mai jagoranci ga dangin cavencratic.
Thomas ya zama abokin tarayya na matasa mashaya William, kuma a cikin 1610, samarin sun tafi yawon shakatawa a Turai, a cikin irin hanyoyin da aka saba haduwa da koyarwar kimiyya da fasaha. Lokaci na gaba na talauci ya karanta marubuta na Greek da Latin da fassara ayyukansu a cikin yaren da ke ƙasa. Daga cikin ayyukan wannan lokacin, mafi shahara shine karbuwa da "tarihin Peloponnesian Yaro" Fukidid.
Bayan abokin Hobbes ya mutu daga annobar a 1628, mai jagoranci ya nemi sabon wuri. Na wani lokaci yana kusa da mawaka da wasan wasa na wasan Johnson, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare daga falsafa na Turanci da manufofin Francis Bacon. A wannan lokacin, Geometry na masanin kimiyya da na gaba kuma ya ɗauke shi zuwa nan gaba kuma ya yi nazarin "Eucclida ta gaba sosai, tunda ta koya daga hanyoyin da hanyoyin samar da waɗannan da ƙaddamar da shaidar.
Har zuwa 1631, Thomas ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa daga baranka Jerveryet Klifion, sa'an nan ya koma gidan Coardosh don ta daukaka babban ɗan ɗalibin da ya gabata. Wadannan 'yan shekarun nan HBBs sun fadada ilimi a fagen falsafa da inganta fasahar adawa. A cikin 1634, sake zuwa Turai, inda ya koma kungiyar Meren Meren Merenna kuma ya halarci Muhawara muhawara tare da Pierto Gasksendi.
Taya ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin 1636, Thomas ya kawo karshen Italiya, ya sadu da babban Galileem, wanda ya ba da shawarar da ke ba da shawarar yin bukatun masana falsafa zuwa rayuwa ta gaske.
Juyin juya halin Ingilishi 1640 - 1653 tilasta matan matan su na dogon lokaci kuma su zauna a Paris. A can, a karkashin rinjayar mambobi, mugunan Mersenna, da farko da Falsafa ya kafa tsarin tsarin ra'ayoyi kan mahimman batutuwan mutane.
A wannan lokacin, Hobbes sun yi aiki a matsayin malami na lissafi na matasa Yarima Wales, wanda ya zo Faransa daga tsibirin zane. Komawa zuwa London a cikin 1651, masanin masanin ya buga rubuce rubuce rubuce kuma ba da daɗewa ba gina ginin tsarin Falsafa, wanda ya dade tsawon shekaru 20.
A cikin 1666, gidan al'ummomin da aka gabatar da lissafin don cin amana da jayayya, da kuma littattafan Hobbes, wanda ya fadi ƙarƙashin hukumomi. Ya kasha zalunci, amma har yanzu sun rasa 'yancin buga aiki a Ingila. Aikin ƙarshe na masanin kimiyya ne, rubuce a cikin ayoyi, da kuma fassarar tsohuwar tsohuwar '' Okeysseus "na Homer" na Homer "na Homer" na Homer "na Homer" na Homer "na Homer" na Homer "na Homer" na Homer "na Homer" na Homer "na Homer.
Rayuwar salama ta falsafa sanannu ne sosai. Wataƙila yana zaune shi kaɗai, ba shi da mata ko yara. A cewar tsoffin dabbobi, da aka fi son yin aiki a cikin duhu tare da kyandirori, don haka labulen da ke cikin gidan an cire su koyaushe. Ya yi tafiya da yawa kuma maimakon karanta littattafai, yayi magana da masu wayo da masu ilimi.
Hobbes sha wahala daga rikicin urinary bubble, wanda a cikin Oktoba 1679 ya haifar da bugun kayar ciki, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar masanin falsafa a ranar 4 ga Disamba 4, 1679.
Ilmin filosofi
HBBs falsafa ɗan jari-hujja shine dan jari-hujja wanda ya musanta wanzuwar ruhaniya da yin tunanin nasa tsarin tunanin mutum da sararin samaniya. A farkon jingina, masanin kimiyya dauke da jiki daga ra'ayin da aka duba takamaiman motsi na jiki da ke cikin tsari, kuma sanin hulɗa da mutane da ilimi na jama'a.
A farkon 1640s, Thomas ta rarraba zabin da aka gabatar "ya fara doka, da ake bugawa kuma ana kiranta" dabi'ar mutum "da" game da jikin siyasa. " A cikin wannan aikin, masanin kimiyya a karon farko ya shafe batutuwan iko da kuma tsara ka'idodin da ya kamata ya kunna. A cikin 1642, ya rubuta wani aiki mai taken "akan wani dan kasa", wanda aka fara buga shi a kan Latin, da kuma fitowar Turanci ya bayyana shekaru 11 daga baya.
Wannan aikin daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na "Asali na Falsafa", wanda ya kunshi jiyya "game da mutum", inda ɗan ƙasa ya bayyana yanayin mutumin da ke buƙatar kafuwar mutum wanda yake buƙatar kafuwar mutum na wani tsari mai tsayayye, yana aiki dabarun manufofi da tauhidi. A karo na farko, wata sanarwa game da "yakin gaba daya a kan dukkan" ya bayyana, ya fito da shi a cikin Leviathan kuma ya shiga tarin ambato.
Yin magani "tsari da ikon jihar Ikklisiya da faranta mata ', sun fi Leviafian, ya zama samfurin yamma game da tsarin mulkin jama'a da kuma wata fizge a matsayin kulawar jama'a.
A cikin wannan aikin, masanin falsafa ya bayyana hoton mutum, idan aka gwada shi da wani al'amari, wanda yake ci gaba da motsi, ba tare da watsa shirye-shiryen riskar da juna ba. Bayyana game da nagarta da mugunta, gobbs yayi jayayya cewa sun kasance muradin mutum ko kuma suyi daban don motsawa zuwa gare Shi.
Masu hana su cancanci mafi kyawun gaske, masanin kimiyyar ya ba da damar kasance mugunta, wanda aka bayyana shi a cikin tsoron mutuwa tashin hankali. Neman wani mutum ya wuce hadin hadin kan siyasa, babu makawa ya jagoranci jihar Anarkali, mai jagoranci a kan kowa.
Gobbs ya yi imanin cewa irin wannan yanayin ya tilasta wa mutane da su baci haƙƙin halitta da kuma kammala yarjejeniyar da kamfanin ke iko da karfi na "jihar". Ya danganta da wanda ya gabatar da bukatun mutum a cikin tsarin kwantaragin jama'a, Hobbes da aka sanya kashi 3 na jihar: Mulki, dimokiradiyya da ariscracy.
Bayan ya fi son mulkin mallaka, masanin kimiyya ya rubuta cewa dukiyar, iko da daraja dokar kwadago, kuma a cikin karfin dimokuradiyya ko kuma irin wannan yanayin wannan lamari ne mai wuya.
A cikin Leviathan, Gobubs ba a bayyana cewa mai mulkin ko ikon mallaka ya kamata ya ke iko da farar hula ba, da kuma batutuwa na shari'a da cocin da coci gaba daya gaba daya. Wannan halin da aka ba da wannan yanayin ya ba da zanga-zangar jama'a wanda ya kawo wa tararrakin makamai.
An fara buga magani a cikin 1651 ta ajiye zane a shafin take a cikin zobe na ɗan adam a cikin jikunan mutane, hasashe kan tsaunuka da filayen. Hobbs ya fara yabon yabo da sukar fiye da kowane irin manyan masu tunani na wancan zamanin. Matasa masana falsafa sun dauki ra'ayoyin marubucin game da jihar, suka bunkasa su a cikin ayyukan nasu. Daya daga cikin shahararrun mabiyan Hobbes zama masana kimiyya na kimiyya-Frontias John Locke.
Bayan Leviathan, Gobs aka buga "haruffa game da 'yanci da wajibi" Tambayoyi game da' yanci, "suna da yawa game da Dalili na halitta," Tsoro, Dokar ta halitta, Dokar 'yanci,' yanci da Dokar ta halitta.
Masanin kimiyya ya gabatar da koyarwar da gangan da rashin aiki, suna kiranta jerin sha'awar, kuma an fassara shi a matsayin cikar yanke shawara. Falsafar yi imani da cewa duk abin da ke faruwa ya kasance ƙarƙashin sa hannun wakili na waje kuma ba zai iya faruwa a kanta ba.
Aikin Gobbs ya zama falsafar siyasa da kuma fassara ta akai-akai zuwa harsunan waje. Bayan mutuwar wani masanin kimiyya a Ingila, hirar Tsakanin A Hadishi kuma A Student of The Common Laws of England da kuma Behemoth, Ko The Long majalisar, rubuta a 1666 da kuma 1668.
Faɗa
"Hakkin halitta shine 'yanci don yin duk abin da ya zama, a kan fahimtar mutum, shine mafi dacewa don adana rayuwar kansa." "Dokar ta halitta ce cewa kowane mutum ya nemi salama. Idan ba zai iya cimma hakan ba, zai iya amfani da duk wasu kudade da suka ba da fa'ida a cikin yaƙin. "" Gaskiya kuma ta karya jigon halayen magana, ba abubuwa ba. Inda babu wani magana, babu gaskiya, babu ƙarya. "Littafi daya
- 1640 - "Abubuwan dokoki, na halitta da siyasa"
- 1650 - "Yin bita akan yanayin ɗan adam"
- 1651 - "Falsafa Rabisical da suka shafi gwamnati da al'umma"
- 1642-1655 - Trilogy "Falsafa"
- 1651 - "Leviafian, ko kwayoyin halitta, tsari da ikon jihar coci da farar hula"
- 1654 - "Haruffa game da 'yanci da wajibi"
- 1656 - "Tambayoyi game da 'yanci, suna buƙata da dama"