Tari
Har a karni na XX tare da yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma farfadowa, fargaba na tattalin arziki da binciken kimiyya shine fitar da kirkirar tunani da kuma kwarewar al'adun al'adu na musamman, al'adun gargajiya na al'adu, kayan gado ne mai mahimmanci. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan masu kirkirar wani mawaƙi ne na Jamusawa, marubuci kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Brecht, wanda ya buga wasan kwaikwayon gidan wasan kwaikwayon duniya ta Jimpe. "Shakespeare na karni na 20" - saboda haka ake kira bashin brecht na yau da kullun, yana ba babban kimantawa game da ka'idar gidan wasan kwaikwayon "Epic gidan wasan kwaikwayon".Yaro da matasa
Ohgen berturke (bertold) Brecht an haife shi ne ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1898 a Aungsburg, Jamus. Mahaifin Breast ya zartar da hanyar aiki daga wakilin kasuwanci zuwa darektan masana'antar takarda. Mahaifiyar Sofia ta Sofia - 'yar shugaban masana'antar jirgin ƙasa. Ohiz ya zama 'yan farin biyu.
Chet Brecht na daya daga cikin mafi arziki a cikin wannan kananan garin mazavaria. Kuma yaron ya girma a cikin gargajiya ga wadancan shekarun a cikin yanayin Bourgeois: Iyaye suna da bawa, a cikin yara - Nanny, masoyi na Kirsimeti da kuma malamai na gida. A kadan daga baya, oygen ya tafi makarantar jama'a na umarnin Franciscan na Sonastic, sannan ya shiga wasan kwaikwayon na wasan motsa jiki.
Koyaya, ilimi ya zama OMEME, Mafi kyawun ƙi an shiga cikin wannan wanda aka kashe Meshchansky. Rikice-rikice tare da iyaye ba da daɗewa ba za su iya zama Tarzoma na gaske, daga baya saurayin ya bambanta da saurayin ya bambanta da dangi ya zama abin ciwo. Duk wannan hadari na ji da aka samo hanyar fita a cikin kerawa mai amfani. Manoma na farko, maganganu na farko da labaru a karkashin ra'ayi na kerarfin tsafi Frank ya fara rubutu da bugawa a cikin mujallolin gida a cikin dakin motsa jiki a 1913-1914.
A shekara ta 1917, OUE CIGABA DAGA GYOYSIUM kuma shigar da likitancin likita na Jami'ar Munich, amma bayan shekara daya aka kira shi zuwa ga sojoji. Domin kada ya bar Sonan a gaba saboda rauni na Breakt ya mamaye wurin Sanitar a wani asibiti a gare shi.
Gani da tun daga jin (a cikin labarun da aka samu (a cikin labaran da suka ragu) Shiga cikin Yakin, Mawaki na sojan da ya mutu ya fada game da kasada da wani soja da aka samu daga kabari da aka gane ta allon likitan da ya dace don aiki da kuma komawa zuwa yaƙi. A cikin wani al'amari na kwanaki, waka ta zama sananne kuma ana sake shi ta hanyar kwatancen.
Halitta
Ba da daɗewa ba, Brecht ya dawo jami'a, amma ya fassara zuwa ga ilimin falsafa, inda ya yi nazarin shekara 2 kawai kuma ba a taɓa yin karatu ba saboda bayyanar rashin bayyanar. Dalilin irin wannan halayen shine sabon sha'awar sa - wasan kwaikwayo. Yanzu yana yawan rubuce-rubuce na rubuce-rubuce da abinci na zane-zane kuma da kansa yana wasa a kan mataki na wasan kwaikwayo na Wilde Boney Boney.
A cikin waɗannan shekarun, farkon wasan na farko da aka haife shi (marubucin ya riga ya kirkiro a karkashin wannan suna) "Meshchanskaya Bikin aure", "Wedd", amma babu wasan kwaikwayo ya kai su samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma wasan kwaikwayo na zuwa ga azabtar da farin ciki a Berlin, amma a babban birnin an cakuda kuma sanyi.
A halin da ake ciki ya canza tsangwama game da sanannen sukar sukar Berlin na Herbert Jering. Godiya ga ingantaccen bita game da wasan kwaikwayo na Brecht, makamansa sun fara sanya hotunan na Munich, Berlin da sauran biranen, yana haifar da sukar sukar da kuma rashin jituwa daga hukumomi.
A wannan lokacin, Brecht ya sabunta binciken Falsafa a cikin Jami'ar Berlin, kuma yana aiki da tarin waƙoƙi "hedmon" (1927), yana aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Piismon, inda ya yi amfani da al'amuran.
A cikin 1928, sabon darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Schiffuerdamm Joseph Auftrich Joseph Auftich ya umarci Brezzt "John Gay, an rubuta shi a karni na XVIAII. Areo tare da zafi ana ɗauka don aikin da ta yi ƙoƙari don kada su canza shirin, amma yana kunna fassarar hotunan kuma ya gabatar da sabbin haruffa.
An gabatar da fassarar labulen libretto zuwa Jamusanci Elizabeth Hauptman. Wasan, da ake kira "Opera-uku-uku", sanya wani babban aboki na Breht - Eric Eric Eric - Eric Eric Eric - Eric Eric Eric engel zuwa wild na Kurt Wail. Wannan ne farkon nasara na marubucin.
Har zuwa farkon 1930s, Breht da Engel aiki a cikin Tandem, suna ƙoƙarin haɓaka abin da ake kira ka'idar gidan wasan kwaikwayon "Epic Gidan wasan kwaikwayo". Yana nuna hadewar aikin tare da labarin almara daga fuskar mutumin ko wata halin tsaka tsaki. Hakanan, hanyoyin kulawa da kayan aikin na zamani da ta adon gidan kwamfuta da haɗe a cikin aikin tattaunawa tare da mai kallo.
Duk waɗannan abubuwan abubuwan da suka fara ba su fitar da al'amuran masu tashar Jamusawa ba. Kuma kawai a ƙarshen 40s tare da halittar nasa wasan wasan kwaikwayon sa, a karshe, don cikakken wasan kwaikwayon na da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayon na da ya yi da za a ɗauke shi.
Rabuwa da ƙasa
A shekara ta 1935, wanda ya hau mulki a Jamus, wanda ya hau kan Jamus, ya jagoranci Adolf Hitler, ya hana yin amfani da ayyukan anti-noteve.
Koyaya, shekaru 2 a baya, filin wasan ya bar ƙasar, bayan da ya koma tare da matarsa da yara zuwa Vienna, sannan a Zurich. A Switzerland, Brecht bai dace ba kuma ya fara neman mafaka inda zai iya kasancewa cikin yardar rai. A shekara ta 1933, yayin da ke Jamus, masu fastoci sun ƙone littattafansa tare da ayyukan Erich Mary Remarik, ya koma Denmark, ya koma Denmark, ya koma Denmark.
Anan a cikin yanayin matsananci, amma mai ban mamaki na Scandinavia, marubucin ya rubuta irin wannan aikin na uku "," mamash zuciya da 'ya'yanta ", sannan kuma ya sauke karatu daga farkon rayuwar ƙasar Galili. . Daga Denmark, Breakt ganye a shekara ta 1939 saboda tsananta wa kerawa: Sarkin Christian x ya sabawa wasan rigunansa na yaƙi.
Na ɗan lokaci ya zauna a Switzerland, marubucin yana jiran takardar izinin zama na Amurka, amma ya sake samun ƙima, lokacin da wannan kasar ta shiga cikin yakin da halakar da lalacewa ta shiga cikin hallaka. A wannan lokacin Amurka ta ba shi visa, kuma ya bar Turai har zuwa shekaru 6. A wannan lokacin, marubucin ya rubuta game da "mai kirki Simone Mashar", "Memweik a cikin yakin duniya na II", "Caucasian kira da'ira".
Mai shiga gida
Komawa zuwa bayan-War-War Jamus a shekarar 1947, Playwight ya zabi gidan dan gurguzu na GDR. Ya samu damar yin aiki ba tare da ba tare da la'akari ba, haramun da tsananta. Abu na farko da ya yi shine ƙirƙirar gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa "Berliner anki". Babban aiki na farko "Momarshe yana da ƙarfi da 'ya'yanta na ƙasa Gunder.
Kara ci gaba da na sharhin ya ba tare da wahala, Brecht aka zarge shi da "takalidai", sa'an nan a "cosmopolitanism" da "pacifism". Ko ta yaya, a cikin 1950, Brecht ya zama mai ingancin memba na Kwalejin Gdr Avadyy, kuma a cikin 1954 ita mataimakin shugaban kasa ce. A wannan shekarar, an ba shi kyautar Staliniyanci na kasa da kasa "don karfafa duniya tsakanin mutane". A lokaci guda ya rubuta aikinsa na ƙarshe - wasan kwaikwayon "Turandot".
Rayuwar sirri
Rayuwar mutum na sanannen wasan kwaikwayo shine batun wani sabon nazarin daban-daban nazarin halittu. Wannan aikin ya sadaukar da shi ga Ingilishi John Fueji da Rasha Yuri Oklasky (littafin "Garem Bertold Bekt"). Misali, marubucin farko yana kawo gaskiyar abubuwa mai ban sha'awa daga tarihin rayuwar da ke cikin littafin nan, wanda yake kara, kuma wani ya zama ƙarami.
A cewar sanarwa, "Opolera ta" Opolera ta "Spela uku ce" ita ce 85% wanda aka rubuta ta Elizabeth Strefman, mai kirki Margaret, mai kirki daga Selami Simon Mashon ya taimaka da Seman Mashon.
Koyaya, tabbataccen shaidar wannan ka'idar ba ta wanzu ba, amma gaskiyar cewa marubucin hakika marubutan hakika sun ƙaunace mata da yawa - dama. A lokaci guda, ya rayu cikin halal auren rayuwarsa.
Mijinsa na farko a cikin 1922 shine ortress da mawaƙa Marianna Tsoff. Kasancewa shekara 5, matar ta kewaye mijinta da kulawa. A cikin 1923, suna da 'yar Hannatu, waɗanda kuma daga baya suka zama mawaƙa.
Dalilin saki tare da Marianna shi ne sabon sha'awar filin wasan - thean wasan matasa Elengel. Ta haifi Biritaniya ɗan Stefan a 1924, an yi aure a hukumance a 1929. A shekara ta gaba, an haifi Bar Israra Barbara, ta kuma je wurin kirkirar kirkiro na uwa.
Wani yaro ya ceci Ba'amuruwan Ba'amurke, ɗan fari ne mai ban mamaki. An haife shi ne a shekara ta 1919 daga Paula Basholzer, da 'yan matan da ke fama da ƙauna.
Mutuwa
A cewar muguntar makomar rabo, bayan da aka samu fitarwa, marubuci da kuma wasa sun fara rasa lafiya, an riga an gurfanar da su a cikin shekarun ƙaura. A cikin bazara na 1956, aiki kan samar da "rayuwar Galili" a wasan kwaikwayonsa, ya sha wahala bugun zuciya. Bayan ya karbe shi don bala'i na yau da kullun, bai juya ga likita ba.
Wani mutum ya ci gaba da karamin hutu kuma ya fara aiki, amma a watan Agusta, shi sosai. Likitocin da aka gano da babban bugun zuciya, wanda shine dalilin mutuwarsa a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1956.
Jagora mai wasan kwaikwayo ya binne shi a kan hurumi Dorotentadsk. Brecht ya zama bai yi furci ba a kan faredwell na fare da kalmomi. Babu hoto, kwanakin da Regalia a shafin marubuci, wannan shine mafi sauƙaƙa launin toka dutsen da aka sassaka kawai sunan sa. Daidai tsayawar da ke kusa - Wannan shi ne kabarin ɗan wasansa mai sadaukarwa Vaigel, wanda bayan mutuwa bai so ya rabu da ta baiwa tare da baiwa ba.
Aiki
- 1928 - "trigroshova opera"
- 1938 - "Mama ƙarfin hali da 'ya'yanta"
- 1939 - "Tsoratawa da yanke ƙauna a daular ta uku"
- 1939 - "Rayuwar Galili"
- 1943 - "Mutumin kirki daga Seshana"
- 1944 - Caucasian Kiran Kira "
- 1954 - "Turandot"