Tari
A yau, taken daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow, matafiya na bi, matafiya kawai ba batun rashin adalci ba. Ba lallai ba ne, Alexander Radishchev ne, wanda ya sanya hanyar da aka nuna don tushen littafin sanannen, daga abin da shi da kansa ya ji rauni sosai. Marubucin ya tsira a kan Ra'ubainar sarauta na karni da kuma gafara kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan lambobin fadakarwar Rasha.Yaro da matasa
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev an haife shi a cikin 1749, a lokacin sarautar Elizabeth Petrovna. Iyaye sun kasance masu arziki masu yawa kuma suna zaune a ƙauyen UNG Ablyzovo, sun kira sunan kakannin marubuci. A cikin 1952, an sake su sasantawa Radish Silische.
Nikolay Afanasyevich, mahaifin yaron, mallakar mallakar nemtsovo kusa da Kaluaga, kuma a wani sashi mai yarukan Falsafa na gaba ba shi da wani bangare. Uwar Fekla savvichna ta faru daga halittar Moscow manya daga Argamakov. Iyalin sun kasance babba, abokantaka, an haife yara 11 a ciki. Sun jagoranci rayuwar rustic rai, amma iyaye sun bada hankali ga iliminsu.
Old Ondand, wanda ya sa akidar da Peter Mammontov, wanda ya gaya wa yaran waɗanda ba ke zaune ba, kuma a gefe guda kuma ya yi nazarin wata wakokin Faransa a gare shi. A shekaru 7, an aika da yaro zuwa Moscow da hagu a kan motherboard. A gidan Argamakov, wanda ya zo ga dangi mafi kusanci, da Daraktan Jami'ar Moscow, yaron yana da damar samun hikima.
A lokaci guda, tare da 'yan uwan juna, ya ɗauki darussan daga furofesoshin gargaɗi, da kuma Ganan Faransa aka tsunduma cikin kisan gilla saboda dalilai na siyasa. Malaman masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ba da tushe a cikin saurayin cikin saurayin da saurayin da sha'awar yin zanga-zangar adawa da zalunci.
A cikin 1762, Catherine II, II, ya ɗauki kursiyin kuma riƙi Alexander ɗan shekara 13 a cikin adadin fakitin ajizai. Ya yi karatu a cikin kungiyar Page kuma ya bauta wa sarki a liyafar da abubuwan da suka faru. Rayuwa a kotun mai guba bai yi amfani da manufar 'yanci ba, hidimar da ba a kulawa, suna cewa samari suna da cigaba daga malamai masu ci gaba.
A shekarar 1766, Radishchev ya zo da yawan zababbun samari da aka girmama don zuwa horo a Jami'ar Leipzig. Shan ruwa guda shida ya kwashe shekaru 5 a Jamus, suna karbar ilimin shari'a da kuma kawar da ra'ayoyin da suka ci gaba da fitar da fadakarwa.
Daliban sun rayu da talauci, amma tare da haɗari sun sha ilimin falsafa, kimiyyar halitta, adabi da tarihi. Radishchev, banda, kusan sun sami difloma na likita. Komawa zuwa Rasha a cikin 1771, matasa suna da fatan su bauta wa shugaban da kuma ra'ayoyi masu zurfi.
Litattafai
Ayyukan rubutu na Radishchev ya fara karatu a Leipzig. Ya fara da fassarorin ayyukan da suka dace da mahimmanci daga ra'ayi na zamantakewa da falsafa. A St. Petersburg, saurayi ya hadu da mashahuri Nikolai novikov da kuma ba da sani ba a sani da wallafe shi a cikin mujallar sa "mai zanen" "karamin rubutun.
Labarin ya zama jigon Jagora na marubucin marubuci kuma ya faɗi game da tafiya. Anan marubucin ya jawo hoto mai saurin saukarwa na Rasha ƙauyen, wanda ba kima da sansanin soja masu sansanin. Batun ya haifar da babban resonance da kuma sukar sukar "saman." Koyaya, Radishkev ya ci gaba da rubuta, gami da fassarori, kodayake, kammala su da tunanin nasu.
Na farko daban daban daban daban daban daban wani Alexander Nikolaevich ya kuma samar da ba da sani ba. Wannan shine "Rayuwar FYodor Vasilyevich UShakov tare da gabatarwar wasu rubuce-rubucensa", da aka buga a 1789. Littafin ya sadaukar da shi ga babban abokin tarayya na Jami'ar Leipzig, wanda shi ne wahayi na akidarsu. An yi magana, an yi magana da shi, lura, duk da haka, hadarin tunani ya bayyana.
"Tafiya daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow" an rubuta ba shekara guda. Ra'ayoyin marubucin sun canza, an wadatar da ilimin, wanda ke da tasiri kai tsaye wanda ya rinjayi rubutun da kinɗi. A cikin 1789, Radishchev ya yi kokarin samar da rubutun na kwarya. Odly isa, CEDORIL ya rasa aikin haɗari, tunda ya yarda da ita don jagorar talakawa kuma ba ta dame shi don bincika cikin abun ciki ba.
Koyaya, babu wani ofishin bugu don littafin, to marubucin tare da taimakon abokai waɗanda suka shirya shafin yanar gizon a gida. A can a cikin 1790 buga kwafin 600 na littafin kuma an sa shi don siyarwa. Faihuwar farko da aka watsa ta, da "tafiya" ta fara zama cikin buƙata. Hayanuwar tashin tashi ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an kawo littafin ga littattafan. Ta karanta littafin, nuna nuna bambanci musamman ambaton. Bayan Kasuwanci mai Saurin, an kama cikakken wurare dabam dabam kuma an ƙone shi.
Littafin ya gane da rawar da aka yi da shi kuma ya haifar da tsayar da jama'a, tare da lokaci, aka sace daga batun darajar fasaha. Musamman ma, Alexander Chverobin ya lura da cewa ta tafi da Zhemunna, kuma matsalolin da a ciki sun tafi da girma, kuma ya bayyana wani sabon labari kamar yadda "mamari sosai, ba a ambaci syllable mara kyau."
A cikin hanyar haɗin haɗin Radishkev ci gaba da shiga cikin kerawa. A cikin bidinin "a kan mutum, mutuntakarsa da rashin tausayi", marubucin yana motsawa daga al'amuran zamantakewa kuma yana nufin falsafa. Marubucin yana bincika abubuwan da ke cikin ɗan adam, haɗin kai na rai da jiki, yana jaddada manyan aikin tunani. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan na rayuwa, wani mutum yana cikin mawallafin. Sabbin waƙoƙi da kuma wakar gwiwoyi na Bova "bova" sun kara da cewa "'yanci".
Ayyukan zamantakewa da hanyar haɗi
Kafin rikice-rikice da aka haifar ta hanyar wallafa "Tafiya daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow", Radishchev ya yi aiki a matsayin wani jami'i a cikin sabis daban-daban na St. Petersburg. Shekaru da yawa, wani mutum ya yi aiki a cikin kasuwanci da masana'antu, sannan ya koma kwastam, inda shekaru bakwai ya isa kan shugaban.
Koyaya, a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1790, an gama da shi da tururuwa: ta hanyar Catherine II Alexander Nikolayevich, ya kammala a Bitrus da Bulus Gargajiya.
Hadishkev bai yi musun laifin sa ba, amma ya yi mamaki lokacin da ya ji cewa an yi masa barazanar kisa. An zargi marubucin a matsayin mai ba da labari, miyagun jihar da Buntingman "World Pugacheva". An tuhumi mutumin "kokarin a kan lafiyar sarki." Daga hukuncin kisa na Radishchev, kawai yanke shawara ta musamman na elress ne, wanda aka yanke hukuncin da kuma maye gurbin hukuncin shekara 10 zuwa Siberiya. An aika da masu bauta a watan Satumba 1790 zuwa Ilimsk Irimsk yankin.
Rayuwar sirri
A cikin rayuwar mutum na Alexander radishchev akwai mata biyu. Tare da matar ta farko, ya gabatar da abokin nasa a Jami'ar LeIPzig Andrei Rubanovskaya, wanda antna yauanovskaya dole ya zama dangi. Alexander da Anna sun yi aure a cikin 1775, da ɗan fari na matsanancin bayyana shekara kaɗan. Gabaɗaya, ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya shida, amma' yan mata biyu sun mutu a cikin jaraba.
Vasily, Nikolai, Ekaterina da Bulus ya rasa mahaifiyarsu a cikin 1783. Matar ta mutu yayin da shekara 31, ke ƙone ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin.
Yara sun kasance a kula da ƙaramin 'yar uwa VasilliyEvna - Elizabeth Saanovskaya. Wanda ya dauke su tare da ku, lokacin da Radishchev yake bi da shi a hanyar haɗin. Dangane da Canjin cocin, auren tare da matarsa an dauki shi ba a yarda da su ba kuma sun yi daidai da sosai. Saboda haka, a hukumance wannan angon ba rajista. A cikin Ilimsk, Radishkev tare da Elizabeth VasilyEvna aka haife fiye da yara uku: Anna, Fekla da Athanasius.
A shekara 1797, Alexander Noolaevicha ne ya mutu a karo na biyu: samun wannan, matarsa ta mutu, ba za ta koma wurin Petersburg daga wurin tunani ba. Kyakkyawan gaskiya da za a iya la'akari cewa mahaifin Rariyashchela ya ki sanin yakin matasa, yana kiran su da karimma. Tsohon mutum ya girmama yarjejeniyar cocin kuma zai fi son dan ne ya fi sansanin soja, maimakon a kan shiru.
Shekarun da ya gabata da mutuwa
Magana Radishchev ya ƙare a baya fiye da lokacin da aka tsara. A shekara ta 1796, Na hau zuwa kursiyin kuma a cikin ganyen mahaifiyar da aka 'yantar da marubucin Oficria. Ya koma wurin Uba tashi na NEMTsovo, da kuma cikakken afuwa da murmurewa cikin haƙƙin da aka samu a karkashin Alexander i a 1801. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Radishchev ya rayu a St. Petersburg, yayin da suke haɓaka dokoki a cikin Hukumar ta Musamman.
Alexander Nikolaevich ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1802, hanyoyi da yawa sunyi game da abubuwan da suka mutu. Sun ce wani mutum mai shekaru 53 ya kashe kansa, sha guba. Koyaya, bai dace da gaskiyar cewa yana da rawa a cikin cocin shinge na Volkovsky hurumi na Volkovsy, wanda ke barin gida na Canarwar Orthodox. Takardar hukuma ta gabatar da cewa sanadin mutuwa ya zama cha.
Faɗa
"Autocraticness shine mafi yawan yanayi na ɗan adam ... Kuma mutane suna da mulkin sarki don yin hukunci." "Sai dai za ku iya zama mutum idan kun koya ganin mutum a cikin wani." "Babu wani abu a gare mu haka ne yawanci, babu abin da yake kamar namu, amma a cikin jigonmu, babu abin da yake ban mamaki, da ban mamaki a matsayin maganarmu. "Littafi daya
- 1772 - "Balaguro mai tafiya a cikin *** da *** t ***"
- 1773 - "Jami'in jami'i"
- 1783 - "Willy"
- 1789 - "Rayuwar Fayodor Vasilyevich UShakov tare da gabatarwar wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucensa"
- 1790 - "Harafi ga aboki, mazaunin inabolsk, akan bashin taken"
- 1790 - "Tafiya daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow"
- 1790 - "Tattaunawa cewa akwai ɗan Yehadland"
- 1792 - "Harafi game da yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci"
- 1792 - "Game da mutum, mace'arsa da rashin tausayi"
- 1799 - "bova"
- 1801 - "waka"