Tari
Peter kumapitsa masanin kimiyya ne na Soviet, mai bincike da hasashe. Aikinsa na aiki ne akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ƙananan fasahar zazzabi, kayan lantarki da kimiyyar lissafi. Ya bunkasa hanyar da aka buga don samar da filayen da suka dace da magabata. Peter Leonidovich ƙirƙira da kayan girke-girke don sanyaya helium da kuma ƙirƙira hanya don guje wa iska ta hanyar mai ganowa da matsi. Taimaka wa kimiyyar da masana kimiyya ta kawo ta wuce gona da iri.Yaro da matasa
An haifi masanin ilimin lissafi na gaba a Konstadt a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1894. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan soja kuma an tsunduma cikin gina manyan birane. Uwa ta yi nazarin labari da wallafe-wallafen yara. Bitrus ya koma makaranta da karfe 11, ya zama wata motsa jiki. Latin ya kasance ga dalibi mai rikitarwa. Shirin yana da wahala, don haka bayan shekara guda daga dakin motsa jiki dole ne in tafi.
Samun samuwar Kapitsa ya tafi makarantar Kronstadt. An yi wa kansu cewa shari'un sun yi kansu, da saurayin ya dauki matakin koyo tare da girmamawa, saki a 1912. Da farko, ya so ya zama ɗalibin Jami'ar Jami'ar ta Jami'ar Storeters a St. Petersburg, amma ya kammala gasar ba ta wuce ba.
Daga nan ya jawo hankalin Cibiyar Kwalejin Polytechic, inda ta sauƙaƙe shiga cikin baiwa na lantarki. Daga watanni na farko, ɗalibin ƙiyayya ya jawo hankalin Farfesa Abram IOffe. Malami ya yanke shawarar jawo hankalin Kapitsa don aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Mai jagoranci ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban karye kuma ya taimaka ga Scotland a lokacin bazara na 1914. A nan, wani saurayi ya sami yakin duniya na farko, saboda wanda ya juya ya koma ƙasarsa.
Kapitsa yana cikin Rasha a watan Nuwamba 1914. Bayan shekara guda, ya ba da kansa kuma an nada direban jigilar kayayyaki na tsabta. A cikin 1916, Bitrus ya zartar da shi, dalibin ya koma Petersburg, inda kai tsaye ya shiga aiki kan gwaje-gwaje da karawa juna sani. A wannan lokacin, labarin na farko na mai binciken nasa ne.
Aikin kimiyya
Yi aiki tare da digiri a Iffe ya ba da shawarar Kapitsa tun kafin kare difloma. An gayyaci ƙwararrun Novice zuwa X-RAY da Cibiyar Radiolican. Don haka ayyukan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi suka fara. Farfesa ya bayar da gudummawa ga tashi daga Kapitsa a ƙasashen waje don samun sabon ilimi. Amma ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne.
A cikin iyakar, ya juya kawai tare da taimakon Maxim Gorky a cikin 1921. Kapitsa an aika zuwa Burtaniya. Ya zama ma'aikaci na dakin gwaje-gwaje na shafi kuma ya shigar da shi daga Reznen Reznenford. Bayan 'yan watanni, Peter Leonidvich ya riga ya kasance ma'aikacin Cambridge ne.
A nan ya ci gaba da girmamawa da girmamawa. Ya fara nazarin filayen magnaguni na manyan magnetic kuma ya sanya gwaje-gwaje na farko a wannan yankin. Daga cikin farkon ayyukan, Kapitsa ya juya ya zama babban binciken da Semenov, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga nazarin lokacin magnetic wanda yake cikin filin Magnetic. Nazarin ya haifar da kwarewar azzin-gerlacha.
A shekarar 1922, ya kare dokar dawakai, kuma a shekarar 1925 ya zama mataimaki na dakin gwaje-gwaje na magnetic. Bayan shekaru 4, masu binciken ya nada memba na al'umman Royal na London. Majalisar sa ta zayyad da halittar dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman don masanin kimiyya. Gano ya faru a 1933.
Babban hanyar aiki a wannan lokacin don kapitsa shine nazarin canji na nuclei da lalata na rediyo. Yana haɓaka kayan aiki don shirya filayen magnetic karfi da kuma cimma sakamako da ba a san su ba, karya rikodin gwaje-gwajen da ya gabata. Kyautarsa da nasarorin da suka samu an shigar da ita.
Don ci gaba da bincike, babban birnin da ake buƙata don komawa ƙasarsu, kamar yadda ake buƙatar yanayin da ya dace don nazarin ƙarancin zafin jiki. Gwamnatin Soviet, wacce ta gabatar da zaman lafiya a kai a kai, a shirye take ta dauki kimiyyar lissafi. Amma ya nuna wani yanayi: barin kasashen waje a bukatarsa kuma a kowane lokaci.
A shekara ta 1934, Peter Leonidovich da matansa ya ziyarci mahaifarsa, amma idan ya bar ya sami labarin cewa an soke vika na Burtaniya. Daga baya, an ba da izinin matar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiya ya bar yara da yanayin dawowar tilas. A lallashewa daga abokan aikin Turanci ba su yi wa gwamnatin Soviet ba. Babban birnin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin USSR.
A shekara ta 1935, masanin ilimin lissafi ya jagoranci Cibiyar Matsalolin Jiki a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha. Accherica tana ƙaunar kimiyya sosai da cewa m ba ta ba da damar watsi da batun rayuwa ba. Ya nemi kayan aikin da ya yi aiki a Burtaniya. Wanda aka yarda da abin da aka yarda da abin da ake ciki aka tilasta aka tilasta wa sayar da yanayin Ussr.
Kapitsa ya ci gaba da yin nazarin filayen magnetic mai karfi a tare tare da abokan aiki daga Cambridge. Gwaje-gwajen sun kasance tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ana biyan kuɗi: Peter Leonidovich ɗin yana sabunta tsarin tafarwar, da kuma maganin iska na iska ya zama mafi inganci.
Helium ya sanyaya ta atomatik a cikin Dearearder. Ana amfani da irin wannan kayan aiki a cikin samar da kayan yau da kullun a cikin duk ƙasashe na duniya. Amma babban gano da ya zama muhimmiyar aukuwa a cikin tarihin rayuwar kimiyyar lissafi da kuma cikin kimiyya shine sabon abu na superfton na kayan aiki. Rashin danko na abu a zazzabi da ke ƙasa 2 digiri Celsius ya zama ƙarshen ƙarshe. Don haka ilimin lissafi na taya taya ta bayyana.
A wannan lokacin, Kapitsa marubucin littattafai da yawa littattafai da sanannen masanin kimiyya. Gwamnati ta dauki wannan lokacin da aka gabatar da wannan aikin bam din atomic da kuma shirin jan hankalin Peter Leonidovic don hadin gwiwa. Amma ya ƙi kuma an cire shi daga aiki. A hukuncin ya zama gidan zama a gida a cikin shekaru 8.
An hana babban birnin don ci gaba da abokan aiki, amma wannan bai hana shi ƙirƙirar sabon dakin gwaje-gwajen nasa akan dacha. Akwai gwaje-gwaje waɗanda suke a zuciyar binciken bincike na lantarki mai ƙarfi. Kapitsa nazarin makamashin makamashi. Gwaje-gwajen da ke cikin bangon dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙwararru sun zama wanda kawai a cikin 1955, bayan mutuwar Stalin da maido da Regalia na wakilicer.
A waɗancan shekarun, gwaje-gwajen farko suna da alaƙa da bincike na manyan-zazzabi plasma. Batun binciken masanin kimiyya suna aiki a matsayin tushen ƙirƙirar reactoror reactor. Masanin ilimin lissafi ya yi nazarin kaddarorin ball walƙiya da hydrodynamics mai ruwa. Amma babbar sha'awa ita ce masu samar da microwma da plasma.
A shekarar 1965, saboda nasarori a kimiyyar kimiyya, Kapitsa sun karbi lambar lambobin yabo ta Nels Bera a matsayin bikin a Denmark. Bayan shekaru 4, ya sami damar ziyartar Amurka, kuma a cikin 1978 ya koya cewa ya zama lafazin Nobel. NIEL BOR ya ba da shaidar Peter Leonidovich da kuma a baya: A 1948,1956 da 1960. Koyaya, rikice-rikice a cikin babban kwamiti na fifiko bai ba da damar da za a sami kyautar da ta cancanci ba.
Dalilin gabatarwarsa ya yi aiki da yanayin zafi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masanin masanin masanin ya sami kyauta ga batun da bai kai shekaru 30 ba, kuma bincikensa na Theungiyarsa ta bikinsa na bikinsa na ban sha'awa. Saboda haka, karanta lacca, wanda ya lashe kyautar ya canza jigon.
An ba wa Peter kuma an ba wapitsa da "pendulum na Kapitsa." Wannan sabon abu ne na injiniya yana nuna kwanciyar hankali a waje da yanayin daidaito. Tasirin iyakokin Dirak ya nuna watsawa na wayoyin lantarki a cikin sararin samaniya.
Rayuwar sirri
A karo na farko, Peter Kapitsa aure ya auri matasan sa, a 1916. Mahaifin bikin Chernotalwithite ya kasance memba a kwamitin tsakiya na CADET. A shekara ta 1917, matarsa ta haifi ɗan Kimeristan Jerome, kuma a cikin 1920s - 'yar' ya ce. Da alama cewa rayuwar kimiyyar lissafi tana farin ciki idan ba wani mummunan lamari ba: Matar da yara suka mutu ba zato ba tsammani. Sanadin mutuwa shi ne Spanish. Rashin kyautar Kapitsa ya damu kuma ya sami damar yin nasara da baƙin ciki kawai godiya ga taimakon mahaifiyar.A cikin 1926, Alexey Krylov, aboki da Aboki, ba ku sani dapitsa tare da 'yarsa Anna Krylov. Bikin aure ya faru shekara daya. A cikin sabon iyali na kimiyyar lissafi, Sergei da Andreeri 'yan Andreeri an haife su. Dukansu sun zama masana kimiyya. Aure na biyu na Kapitsa ya zama mai farin ciki. Tare da matarsa, sun rayu shekaru 57. Anna ta taimaka wajen aiki a kan rubuce rubuce a kan rubuce rubucen kimiyya sun kirkiro gidan kayan gargajiya a gidansa.
Peter Leonidovich yana ƙaunar kashe lokacinsa na kyauta don wasa da Chess. Yana da sha'awar cewa, aiki a Ingila, ya lashe gasar Cambridownshire na wannan wasan tebur. Masanin kimiyya bai cutar da aikin tare da hannunsa ba: yana ƙaunar yin abubuwan kayan daki da kayan haɗin kai, yana son gyaran awanni. Peter kumapitsa ya bi sawun da ya zo dandana a Ingila. Ya ƙaunaci taba, wore teweween kuma ya rayu a cikin gida da aka gina a salon Turanci.
Peter Kapitsa ya ƙunshi dangantaka da Gwamnatin Soviet, amma yana da ra'ayi koyaushe game da abin da ke faruwa a fagen siyasa kuma gaskiya ne a cikin maganganun. Kare ra'ayoyin da girmama fursunonin masana kimiyya, a shekarar 1934-1983 ya rubuta wasiƙu zuwa gwamnati. Godiya garesu, ana fitar da wasu adadi na kimiyya.
Mutuwa
Masanin kimiyya bai yi rayuwa 'yan watanni ga bikin tunawa da 90th ba. Ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1984. Kabarin yana kan makabarta na Novevichic.
Peter kuma ya jawo hankalin Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta USSR, ta halarci cikin halittar cibiyar kimiyya kusa da Novosibirsk da fasahar Moscosibirs. Ana amfani da shigarwa a masana'antu ana amfani dashi a masana'antu, da nazarin da ke hade da hakar ruwa iska mai mahimmanci sun ci gaba da samar da ƙarfe a cikin USSR.
Kapitsa ya kasance a kan gina masana'anta da masana'antar takarda kusa da Lake Baikal. Masanin masanin ya ƙunshi kwamitin motsi na Paguic don Zaman Lafiya da Yarjejeniya, ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwar masana USSR da Amurka.
Don yabo a cikin filin kimiyya game da fim ɗin babban birnin. A shekara ta 2017, finafinan ya zo ga allo game da kimiyyar '' 'Yancin' Yanci '. An sanya hotonsa a yau a cikin littattafan rubutu.
Littafi daya
- 1966 - "Ayyuka na jiki"
- 1968 - "Shin kun fahimci kimiyyar lissafi?"
- 1981 - "gwaji. Ka'idar. Aiki "
- 1989 - "Haruffa game da kimiyya"
Kyaututtuka da Kyauta
- 1941,1943 - Kyautar Stalin
- 1943 - Faraddaya ta Farray
- 1944 - Lambar Franklin
- 1945,1974 - gwarzo na aikin gurguzu
- 1959 - Lambar zinari. Lomonosov Kwalejin Kimiyya na USSR
- 1965 - 'yan Niels Bera
- 1966 - Lambar Rutherford ta Rutherford
- 1968 - mai suna bayan Challing-Onneis
- 1978 - Kyautar Nobel a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi