Tari
Mai Falsafa, marubuci, marubuci na Rashanci, wanda ya gabatar wa zamani da wanda ya kafa Tunawa da Dakabi da Siyarwa, Alexander Herzan ya zama ɗayan manyan alamomi na gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali na farkon karni na ashirin. An dakatar da kayan adanawa har zuwa 1905, jiran filinta bayan al'amuran Oktoba.Yaro da matasa
An haife juyin juya halin na gaba na SVA a watan Maris 1812 a Moscow, a cikin sanannen gidan a cikin boulevard, wanda aka kiyaye shi har zuwa yau. A yau, Cibiyar rubutu ta zauna anan. Gorky. Gidan kuma sananne ne ga sabon labari ta Bugogakov "Jagora da Margaritava, wanda ake kira" Gidan Griboedov ". Game da aka haife shi anan, Herzel yayi kama da wani abin tunawa a cikin Paralisian.
Squale na Generic Estate a cikin damuwa, daga baya, wanda wani ɓangare na gaba ɗaya ma'aikata, daga baya, suna magana game da fadin uba, ɗan Aresocrat da Landowner Ivan Yakovlev. Kalita da dattijo da tsofaffi, fara daga saurayin, Ivan Kalita sunanta Andrei Mare, waɗanda masu binciken suke kira kakannin farko na gidan Romanov. M, Alexander Herzen, wanda yake da dangantaka mai nisa da sarakunan Rasha, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin gonar da ke gina ginin.
Sunan uba daban da an yi bayanin Uba ta hanyar haihuwar ɗan yaro. Mahaifiyarsa mai shekaru 16 ne na kasar Heenrietta, 'yar karamin jami'in ne daga Stuttgart, mai shekaru 45 da haihuwa ya kawo wa Moscow daga Jamus, inda ya rayu na dogon lokaci. Maigidan ba zai auri saurayi ne wanda yaudarar shi ba ne, amma dan ya yarda da sunan mahaifinsa na karshe, an fassara shi daga "dan da Jamusawa."
Iyaye kadan Sasha sun mallaki wani barga da kyawawan dabi'u. Samuwar ɗansa da ya ba da izininsa. A cikin yara da balaga, Alexander ya yi magana game da nasarorin juyin juya halin ta Faransa kuma ya yarda ya karanta Lafacewar Passays da litattafan "ility" Rousseau da Voltaire.
A karshen watan 1820 ne, mahaifinsa ya kula da yin rijistar dan uwa a kan balaguron tsarin Kermlin, wanda ya yi ta gyara da aikin gyara da kuma dukiyoyin dangi a Moscow da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da shi a Moscow da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da su. A wannan lokacin, yaron yana da shekara 8, amma Yakovlev ya nuna 14 bayan shekaru 3, an ba da dan wasan mai shekaru 12 a cikin jerin darajoji.
A matsayinta na saurayi, Herzen ya san da Nikolai Ogarev, wanda Yakovlev ya kasance da dangantaka mai nisa. Yaran sun yarda da juyayi da ke nuna wariyar launin fata da tafiya tare da tsaunukan Sparrow, sun yi rantsuwa da ba rayuwa "a cikin gwagwarmaya don amfanin kungiyar mahaifiyar." Daga baya, masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ba da wannan taron a tarihin rayuwar Herzen. A 18, Alexander Herzen ta shiga jami'a, zabar ta zahiri da lissafi.
Ayyukan zamantakewa
Jami'ar a kusa da Hiruse da Ogarev kafa da'irar da mutane masu hankali wadanda suka fi son dimokiradiyya, da kuma tsarin mulkin Faransa, wanda ya ga gurguzu na Saint-Saminu Bayan hakan.
An bayyana na hudu na ayyukan jama'a a cikin "Malovskaya Tarihi", lokacin da Alexander Herzen, tare da sauran ɗalibai, ya yi nagarta da malamin Mikhail Malov, Grubian da Magunguna. Matasa sun sami kukan da tarko, don haka Malov ya bar masu sauraron. An kori malami, har ma da nasarar tarzoma aka jefa a cikin cake.
Wannan ɗalibin ɗalibi, wanda Herzin ta halarta, daga baya ake kira na farko da ke bayyana na dakaru na kungiyar, wanda ya yi zango nasara. Bayan "tarihin malamin Malovskaya" 'yan sanda sun sami sa zuciya ga masu fafutuka.
Jim kadan bayan ya bar jami'a, a shekarar 1834, an kama Hirzu. Young squatsisies na matasa, halartar a cikin Proshka, ya kama "rebar" waƙoƙi. Shekaru 9, aka ci gaba da bincike a cikin babban birnin, sannan daga can a cikin Vyatka. Herzen ya yi aiki tare da karamin jami'i kuma ya rubuta labarai a cikin manyan mu'allu.
A shekara ta 1837, makomar tsar Alexander Ii tana cikin Vyatka, wanda Herzen ya shirya wani bayani daga ayyukan fasaha na gida. Heir da Nunin, da kuma jagorar da ake so. A ƙarshe canza fushin gidan dangi zuwa ga jinƙai ya yi nasarar ga vasily Zhekovs, wanda ya ba da takarda kai don kyakkyawan saurayi a gare shi. A wannan shekarar, Alexander Herzen ya tura zuwa Vladimir, kuma bayan shekaru 2 ya cire shi daga kulawar 'yan sanda. Ya koma Moscow.
A cikin 1840s, Herzen ya ba da babban matsayi a babban birnin arewa, a cikin ma'aikatar ciki. Kafin barin na St. Petersburg, juyin juya halin ya shiga cikin da'irar Moscam na Nikolai Stankevich, yana sake karantawa ga mabiyan falsafar arsel ga Hegel zuwa Temple Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical Radical.
A cikin ma'aikatar, jami'in ya jinkirta shekara guda: harafin mahaifin Hirogin Herzen ya shiga hannun 'yan sanda, wanda ya kumbura dukkanin frets. Don zargi, an saukar da shi kuma ya aika zuwa Novgorod mai ba da shawara ga lardin birni.
Bayan shekara ta 1842, kudin Uba ya taimaka Alexander ya yi murabus da komawa zuwa Moscow. Anan ne ya kasance tauraruwa na sints kuma ya haskaka da mahaifa. Samun yin la'akari da iskander, buga labaran da kayan zane. A lokacin wadannan shekarun, ya yi aiki a kan littafin "Wanene ya zama laifi?".
A lokacin bazara na 1846, mahaifin marubucin ya mutu. Kuma a cikin Janairu na gaba shekara, Herzan ya shiga Turai gādo. Gidansa a cikin maƙiyan syvetsev an kiyaye shi. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970, gidan kayan gargajiya na mai buɗewa.
Littattafan da ra'ayoyi da falsafa
A cikin Paris, kallonta na jama'a "ƙi". Bayan nasarar juyin juya halin na Fabrairu, wanda ta yi maraba da bakin ciki, da kuma kawar da farin ciki na tawagar da suka yi, a karshe ya tanadi ga zamantakewa kuma ya kasance kusa da tsattsauran ra'ayi. Tare da fahamthon, sai ya buga jaridar "Glas na mutane", suna daukar kudade. Jari-hujja, Alexander Herzen ya zama kusa.
Bayan da tunanin wallafe-wallafe a cikin "muryar mutane", gwamnatin Rasha ta yi umarni da juyin juya hali don komawa ƙasarsu. Bayan gazawarsa ya biyo baya da kuma dakatarwa bayan dawowa zuwa karshen rayuwa. A Rasha, ba a manta da Hirt Herzen ba. Mukrasovsky Magazine "Littafi" da aka buga "haruffa daga marigny Avenue", ayyukan almara game da rayuwa a Faransa, tunaninsa na tsarin Rasha.
Lokacin da aka kafa tsarin mulkin Napoleon III a Faransa, jaridar Paris ta rufe. Don guje wa fitina, Alexander Vladimirovich ya koma da kyau. Anan, bayan da aka dawo da shi daga matsalolin dangi da kuma juya na bala'i da juya Herzen, ya ci gaba da yin sake dubawa na rubuce-rubuce, labarai da littattafai. Tare da ƙarshen juyin juya halin da begen yin ƙaura daga Rasha ta ƙaura, sai suka rushe a Turai. Rikicinsa mai ban tsoro da falsafa bai zama sananne a Yamma ba. A cikin aikin jarida na Jerzen, bayanin kula da rashin jin daɗi ta hanyar umarni a Turai ya yi sauti.
Jiya, "wammacin" ya karbi ya koma tunanin Rasha. Yanzu ya yi jayayya cewa mutanen mahaifan su ne tayi na gurguzanci, wanda a ci gaba zai ci gaba da zama al'umma adalci. A lokaci guda, Turai ta shiga cikin "Bourgeois Swallary" daga kammala.
A cikin 1849, bayan kamawa, Nicholas I in russia, kadarorin Hiriya da mahaifiyarsa don ayyukan juyin juya hali, marubuci kuma marubuci ya tafi London. A tsakiyar shekarun 1850, ya bude gidan buga takardu, inda daga 1855th buga starac "Polaract Star". Bayan shekara guda, Ogarev ya koma ba shi. A lokacin bazara na 1857, fitowar farko ta mujallar "Bell" an buga, inda masu hijira "suka yi niyya don halin Serfom da dimokiradiyya a Rasha.
Kowace fitowar ta Rashanci na Real na Alexander Ii an karanta ta ta kowace mujallar, sun raba maganganun kwararrun masanin da aka bayar, har sai da Herzen ya ba da goyon baya ga tayin Yaren mutanen Poland na 1863-1864. Poles sun gaya wa maido da maganar ta hanyar Bada Bahaushe zuwa DCIEPER. Kira "Karrarawa" zuwa ga Sojojin Rasha don motsawa a gefen pololin sun mamaye sha'awar mujallar mujallar mujallar mujallar mujallar mujallu. Circulation ya faɗi sau 6, har zuwa rabin kampin.
A Rasha, raina ta Hirudus ya soki. Kuma a cikin 'yan siyasa na 1860, an tilasta wa dan siyasa damar motsawa zuwa Geneva: Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta haifar da matsin ta Rasha kuma ta ba da Alexander Ivanovich don barin kasar. A cikin bazara na 1867th "kararrawa" rufe. Shekaru biyar a baya, irin makomar ta sami "tauraro na polar". A cikin 1868, cikakken sigar Tunawa da sayan Herzen "an buga Duma". Memoirs ne na sha'awa a matsayin tushen tarihi kuma asalin sanannen wuri ne a littafin tarihi.
Rayuwar sirri
Game da yadda marubucin ya dube shi a matasansa, za a iya hukunci da shi ta hanyar hoton Herzen na goga A. zrebrev. Fuskar haske, nauyi nauyi tare da ƙona idanu ba zai iya son mata ba. Ofayansu shine Natalia Zarharin - ta zama Mace Alexander. Ma'auratan rayuwar sirri - Shirya don labari. Natalia ɗan uwanta Herzena, asalinsa na Uba.
Herzen ya saci ta daga gida ya yi aure. An kama mata da ma'aurata a Vladimir, inda a wancan lokacin yake bauta wa hanyar haɗin mahaɗan. Akwai kuma wani farkon Sasha na farko, wanda aka yiwa a hoton da mahaifin A. Vitberg. Ya zama sanannen masanin ilimin lissafi, farfesa da ya sanar a Jami'ar. Gabaɗaya, an haife matan aure 8 daga abin da uku suka tsira.
A Faransa, inda Herzena suka tashi daga Moscow, Natalia tana da labari tare da mawaƙin Geneorg. A wani lokaci, iyalai biyu (Herveg ya yi aure) ya rayu a kan rufin guda, har zuwa Heralzen ya yi imani da cewa tana da Georor ba ta da, a cikin cin nasara. Bayan raunin da aka kora, Gerlu ya bar gidan. Herzen ya yi shakka harafin da aka haife shi a cikin 1850s na 'yar Olga, amma ya fahimci yarinyar. Ta rayu da tsufa mai tsufa kuma ta mutu a shekara 103.
Shekarar shekara bayan haihuwar 'yar, dangi sun sha baƙin ciki. A cikin Bahar Rum ta nutsar da jirgin, wanda mahaifiyar mahaifiyar Hirudus Herzen ta haife ta da kyau tare da ɗan ɗan shekara 8 na ɗan wasa. Jikinsu bai samu ba. Aven a bayan shekara - A 1852 - Herzen Herzen ya mutu tun daga haihuwa. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, dan kasar jariri Vladimir ya mutu.
A cikin 1856, aboki na dogon lokaci da kuma wani abokin aikin Ogareen ya koma London zuwa London zuwa London, wanda Heralia ta dauki "matarsa Natalia Tukkov. Daga 1857th da mutuwar Alexander Ivanovich, suna zaune tare. A lokaci guda, abota da Oongarchis ba a katse ba.
A shekara ta 1858, Tuckov ta haifi 'yarsa Elizabeth, kuma bayan tagwaye uku. Lisa ta kashe kansa a cikin shekaru 17, kuma tagwayen suka mutu daga dipheria. Tun da Natalia Tuchov bai kashe tare da Ogalia ba, 'ya'yan da suka bayyana daga Herzan sun yi la'akari da' ya'yan Nikolai Pletovich.
Mutuwa
A cikin kaka na 1869th Herzen da Tuchkov sun koma Paris. A cikin babban birnin Faransa ya yi tsawo: A watan Janairu 1870, marubucin ya mutu. Sanadin mutuwa shi ne ciwon huhu.
Herzen hurumi a kan sanannen makabartar paris na kowace leshas, amma daga baya aka kwato toka, makabartar Cheuu.
Littafi daya
- 1852-1868 - "PRLE da Duma"
- 1846 - "Wanene zai zargi"
- 1846 - "Moti"
- 1847 - "Likita na laifuffuka"
- 1848 - "Soroka -awo"
- 1851 - "lalacewa"
- 1864 - "Bala'i ga tsattsarkan tsirar tsoro"
- 1869 - "Rashin lafiya"