Tari
William Turn sanannen mai zane ne na Biritaniya na Biritaniya, wanda aka rarrabe aikinsa ta hanyar tsari mai mahimmanci ga hoton shimfidar wurare. Ya yi amfani da shi mafi yawan ruwa da mai, fi son ɗan palet mai haske na launuka. Duk da cewa cewa daga baya zane zane na Jagora ba a haɗa ta da abubuwan da aka tsara daga cikin Jagora, yanzu wuya a wuce gudummawar da Juyawar duniya zuwa zanen duniya.Yaro da matasa
Joseph Mallord William Turn da aka haife shi kamar Afrilu 23, 1775 a daya daga cikin gundumomin London da ake kira lambu mai karba. Mahaifin mai zane na gaba William na gaba yana aiki a cikin samarwa, kuma a ƙarshen 1770s kafa mai gyara gashi. Lokacin da yaron ya yi shekara 10, ya koma ga kawunsa ga unguwar metrovolitan na Brentford. Dalilin wannan shine rashin lafiyar mahaifiyar William da kuma mawuyacin halin da ya ci gaba saboda wannan.
Rayuwa a dangi, yaron ya fara sha'awar zane na gani. Bayan ya gama karatun ta a makaranta a ƙarshen 1780s, Turner sake matsawa zuwa London, inda ya sami aiki a cikin maniyayyen da gine-gine. Ofayansu shine shahararren Argila Armomas Malton.
A cikin hunturu na 1789 William, wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance shekara 14 mai shekaru 14, aka yi rajista a makarantar sashen Academy na Arts. Ya ɗauki jagoran jarrabawa a wasu samari na mutanen Josh Joshua Reynolds, wanda yake mai zane mai zane. A nan gaba, kasancewa dalibi na mahimmin cibiyar ilimi, turanci ya saurari laccoci na mai zane wanda ya rinjayi mahimmancin mai ruwa.
Zane
A lokacin karatunsa a makarantar kimiyya, mai zane ya bincika cikakken hanya game da kyakkyawan jagorancin cibiyar cibiyar. Shekara bayan fara bincike, William, wanda ruwa ya rubuta, ya yi nunin wasa a cikin nune-nun na shekara-shekara.
An kafa halartar doto da mai, wanda aka bayar, an kirkireshi a 1790th. Bayan haka, aikin mai zane a yau da kullun an nuna shi a makarantar kimiyya. A cikin 1791, ya karbi matsayin mai zane mai ban dariya a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Pickheon, yana kan titin Oxford, kuma ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami mai zanen.
William ya shafi nazarin kerawa kamar yadda masu zane-zane na zamani da na zamani. Wadanda ke da kud da kudaden ayyukan mutane, ya bita da siffofinsu kuma ya nuna nasa yadda ya ji.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine mutumin da ke da sha'awar musamman da ake magana a kan zanen Claude Lorren: ya ba zai iya dakatar da hawaye, ga Törner, ya ceci hotonsa, ya kira hoton "jirgin ruwa na Sarauniya Sarava." Watercolor ya yi jayayya cewa irin wannan hadari dauki an haɗa shi da abin da bai taba gani a gaban wani abu ba.
Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, lokacin da William ya sami shahararrun, ya kuma danganta adanawa zanen "onbona, wanda ya kafa na a matsayin mai ba da izini na Carthage, wanda ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai ba da izini ba, ƙasa. Ya tambaya kawai game da abu daya - cewa aikin zai daidaita zuwa "jirgin ruwa na Sarauniya Sarava." Turner ya yi nazari dalla-dalla tarihin kwararru na lorren, har da kundin kawuna tare da wuraren da aka yi wa al'adun gargajiya mai girman gaske na Faransa mai fasaha.
Daga baya, William ya shirya sakin sa album din nasa album din da suka cancanci a cikin zango na liber kuma ya sake bugawa a irin wannan dabarar kamar zane na Loren. An yi nufin bayyana cewa, tabbatar da cewa masu fasahar novice suna amfani da shi azaman littafin rubutu. Engravings a ciki an rarraba shi akan sassan da suke da su - zanen mai zane, gine-gine da dutse, shimfidar ƙasa, shimfidar wuri, shimfidar ƙasa da teku.
Taron tafiya na farko na wasan ya faru a 1791. Bayan haka, an aika da zane-zane na Turai zuwa balaguron Turai - a Switzerland, Faransa, Italiya, ta samar da zane tare da taimakon wani palet na yawo. William ya bar bayan babban al'adun da gaske - fiye da zane-zane dubu 10 da zane.
Ayyukan da aka kama a cikin kundin hannu sun sha kashi a akai-akai ga masu sana'ar mai zanen da ya kirkira a London. Don rayuwar kirki, wani mutum yakan dawo da tsoffin zane-zane.
William Turner, kasancewa sanannen sanannen mamba, ya karbi matsayin memba na memba na makarantar sakandare a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1799. Bayan shekaru 2, aikinsa "an nuna aikin 'yan adam a cikin teku" da aka nuna a makarantar kimiyya, bayan da ta sami babbar nasara da kuma tallata. A zane-zane Benjamin Yamma ya kwatanta aikin da wakilin soyayya tare da Wahayin Holland Rembrandt. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu na wannan shekara, William ya karbi matsayin mafi yawan matasa masu zane wanda ya cimma matsayin matsayin na Masarautar Ma'aikatar Holyiclican.
Mai zanen yana aiki koyaushe akan inganta fasahar sa, da yawa lokaci don yin nazari da yawa don yin nazari tsakanin ilimin halittu da gine-gine, da kuma kayan aikin iska da ruwa. A farkon karni na 19, ya sami cikakken bayani da ƙarfi a cikin magudanar sa, wanda yawanci ba a cikin zanen ta.
A cikin aikinsa, William bai yi amfani da layafar dalla-dalla ba, samar da wani sabon tsari na shimfidar wuri, tare da taimakon da ya watsa abubuwan da ya faru da tunaninsa. A cikin zane-zane, juyo ya sake fasalin mutane yayin picnics, tafiya da filin aiki. Tare da ji da hankali da ƙauna suna nuna mutum, Jagora ya shude a kan zane, a lokaci guda ajizanci ne mai rauni a gaban yanayin - a lokaci guda mai nutsuwa da mummunan, amma cikin damuwa.
A cikin 1807, William ta samu aiki a makarantar sakan sarauta a matsayin malamin hangen nesa. Ya tattara shirin horo ta wannan hanyar da ta hada da ba kawai batun kai tsaye ga batun da aka bayyana ba, har ma da batutuwa da yawa. Karatun na Turner kasance maimaitawar hanya da kuma roƙon taken zane mai zane-zane - tambaya "zanen" zane ".
William Turner ya sami wani shahararrun shahararrun mutane bayan rubuta zane-zane, wanda aka sadaukar da su ga yaƙe-yaƙe tare da na Napoleon - "Filin Worlloo" da "Trafalgar Battle" da "Trafalgar yaƙin".
Mai zanen a karo na farko ya ziyarci Italiya a 1819. Ya ziyarci Turin, Milan, Rome, Venice da Naples, inda yake karatun aikin masu fasaha na zamani, kamar Titorto, Rafael.
Tare da tafiya zuwa Italiya, zane-zane na William na William ya zama haske, kuma palette da palette ya fi zafi tare da mamaye hadewar launi na asali. Hakanan a cikin aikinsa, sabon jigon na duniya ya bayyana, wanda ya zama na musamman ga mai zane. Ya ziyarci Venice sau 3 - a cikin 1819, 1833, 1840, don haka abubuwan tunawa da wannan birni an bayyana a zane.
Koyaya, ba kowa ba kowa ya gamsu da nasarar Törner - mai tara da mai zane-zane Sir George bomon saboda "ainci" daga ayyukansa. Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan, da bidi'a da bidi'a da bidi'a da ake tsammani matakan zanen a ƙarshen Marigayi 19th - farkon shekaru na farko - sun haifar da amsar da rikice-rikice.
Jama'a na zamanin Victoria, wanda ya fi son hakikanin gaskiya, a zahiri ba ta banbanta da zane-zane na hoto, da kuma wahalar da launi mai launi, tare da wahalar fahimta da yawa na zane-zane.
A cikin 1830-1840, Turnarin ƙara jin kai hare-hare ne daga masu sauraro da masu sukar. Mai zane har ma da sunan mahaukaci ne saboda wasu ayyukan da suka danganta da abin damuwa. A dangane da wannan, Sarauniya Victoria ta ƙi kafa William a cikin Knights. Koyaya, akwai kuma wanzuwa da kuma wanzuwar ayyukan Birtaniyya mai zane - marubucin John Ryuskin ya ba shi taken mafi girman mai zane na yau.
Rayuwar sirri
Game da rayuwar mutum na musamman da aka san karami mai matukar mahimmanci, ya ɓoye cikakkun bayanai game da alaƙar da shi. Daga cikin manyan shekaru zuwa mutuwar iyaye, wanda ya zo a 1829, Wemam ya zauna tare da shi. Uba ma mataimaki ne da aboki.Juyawa bai sami macen da ke shirye ta mai da matarsa ta hukuma ba. Amma shekaru da yawa suna zaune tare da tsofaffi gwauraye mai suna Sara Denby. Ma'aurata suna da 'ya'ya biyu, mata biyu. Bayan haka, William shekara 18 ne a cikin gorantakar caroline da boot, zaune a Chelsea.
Mutuwa
Ya kasance a Chelsea a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1851 rayuwar mawaƙa ta rushe. Sanadin mutuwa shi ne cutar CHolera. Kalmomin ƙarshe na William torner - "Rana ce Allah." An binne mai zane a cikin babban taro na St. Bulus kusa da kabarin Sirwa Joshua Reynolds.
A cikin 2014, art fim din da aka gabatar, yana fada game da matakin karshe na rayuwar rayuwar Ingilishi na Ingilishi. William Turner ya taka leda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da fim din gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim.
Zana wuri
- 1799 - "Hoton Kai"
- 1812 - "Snowstorm"
- 1812 - "Canja wurin ta hanyar Alps"
- 1818 - "Durdcht"
- 1835 - "Grand tashar"
- 1839 - "Jirgin karshe na jirgin" na'urar ""
- 1840 - "Jirgin ruwan sleeve"
- 1844 - "ruwan sama, tururi da sauri"
- 1845 - "fitowar rana da dodanni
- 1845 - "Nores Castle, Sunrose"