Biography
The King of France Heinrich IV on nicknamed a great, well-known as Heinrich Bourbon and Heinrich Navararsky, was the ruler of lands on the Atlantic Ocean coast, and then received a throne into the inheritance from Heinrich III Valua. Becoming the founder of a new monarchical dynasty, the first of Bourbon stopped the war between the Catholics and Huguenotes and stabilized the country's economic and social life.Childhood and youth
Heinrich IV was born on December 13, 1553 in the city of PO, located in the south-west of France. His ancestors, the king and queen of Navarre, who lived in the family castle of Heinrich D', belonged to different religious flows. Despite the fact that the baby was baptized through the Catholic ritual, the Calvinist mother brought him in accordance with Protestant traditions, who recognized the only authority of God giving for forgiveness and redemption.
In 1561, the father of Antoine de Bourbon took the little henrich from under Jeanne d'Alba's guardianship and took him to the French court of Charles IX. The teenager came close to the crowned peer and lived for some time under the auspices of the daughter of Louis Xii, the Duchess of Montargis, the Protestant, who did not accept the face in the religious conflict, known as the Huguenot Wars.
After the death of the father, the young man remained with the monarch and the efforts of the parent, received support for Catherine Medici, who was the mother and regent of the young carl. The lady, which provided a great influence on the country's political and social life, guaranteed Henry a good education and post of Governor of Horien.
New duties forced Heinrich to accompany the king during a journey through the French lands, ruined the first religious war 1562-1563. Being nearby at home, the young governor struck Zhanna D'Alba and, yielding to the mother's persuasion, in 1567 he returned to Navarour.
At this time, a new conflict between Catholics and Protestants broke out in France, and Heinrich poisoned to fight on the side of Guenotov under the leadership of Count Gaspara de Quini.
Board and Military Campaigns
In 1572, Heinrich inherited from the title of the King of the King of Navarre and became referred to as Herrich III. In this status, he concluded a political marriage and was in the center of a bloody slaughter organized by the participants of the fourth religious war with the support of the insidious Catherine Medici.
I miraculously avoiding death, the young king stayed at the French court, attached by the enemy of Protestants. However, after participating in the siege of the fortress of La Rochelle and the "conspiracy of the dissatisfied" Navarre ruler, they arrested and entered into custody in the Wensensky castle together with the like-minded Francois Alanssonsky.
After the pardon by King Karl IX, confirmed by his successor to Henry III Valua, the former conspirator remained some time surrounded by the monarch, and then fled to reunite with Protestants on June 13, 1576. Despite this, the King of Navarre did not hurry to break relations with the French courtyard and continued to fulfill the responsibilities of the Governor of Guy.
In 1577, Heinrich participated in the sixth Guenota War, during which he was accused by the warring parties in hypocrisy. As a result, the ruler retired to the castle in Nerake and surrounded himself with the courtesy of both religions that retained neutrality.
It turned public opinion and bowed offended nobles towards the Navarre King, and the events of the seventh religious war, during which Henry managed to avoid massacres and pogroms, finally strengthened its popularity and political positions.
In addition, Heinrich Navarre, a direct descendant of Louis IX, attracted the attention of the wine, after becoming the first challenger to the French throne after the death of the Royal Heir. In this regard, the operating monarch tried to convince Protestant to return to the Lono of Catholicism and take the previous position at the court, but did not have time to make a conceived. In 1585, after signing the Nemurian Treaty, King Navarre, together with other Calvinists, turned out to be the enemy of the law and was involved in the war initiated by the Giza dynasty.
After watching the victories over the French troops, Heinrich Navararsky reconciled with the son of Ekaterina Medici and united with his army to fight Catholics, who spent the restriction of centralized royal power. In one of the battles of Heinrich III, he received severe injuries and, feeling approaching death, on August 1, 1589 officially announced the leader of the Allies with the new king of France Heinrich IV.
This happened in the midst of the next religious conflict and forced a new monarch to continue the fight against the League Party, the main purpose of which was the capture of Paris. Keeping neutrality in matters of religion, Heinrich IV lost a significant part of the army and supporters. He pushed to the northwest of the country, he found a way to inspire the troops and convinced the residents of the capital to move to the side of Protestants in exchange for the preservation of life and religious freedom.
In the summer of 1591, heir Henry III amounted to the Nante Edict, which limited the influence of Protestantia and partially reconciled them with followers of Catholic traditions, but did not sign it. In 1593, after the convening of general states, designed to elect the king of France, Heinrich IV officially refused Calvinism and with the blessing of Pope Roman returned to the Lono of his followers.
The new monarch was crowned on July 25, 1593 in the Catholic Cathedral of the city of Chartres, and then Clement VIII let him go past sins.
The first years of the Board of Heinrich IV were associated with military actions against neighboring Spain, during which the king lost support for many Protestants and Huguenots. Once in a dangerous position, in 1598 the leader of the French signed the previously compiled Nantes of Edict and put an end to the religious straightening, for decades, tormented the country, and also concluded a truce with a hostile foreign state.
In subsequent years, Henry IV, with the assistance of the head of the Government of the Duke Sully and other wise politicians, achieved financial well-being in the country and built structures that became the cultural heritage of France. The opponent of bloodshed several times was forced to resort to the help of the army, suppressing the peasant riots and punishing the conspirators.
Staying the ruler of Navarre, the monarch expanded the territory of the country, attaching the land subject to him on the coast of the Atlantic and starting the colonization of Canada, and also supported the development of agriculture, deserving popular love and respect.
These achievements were of great importance in the history of France and were repeatedly described in documentary and artistic literature. Heinrich IV became one of the main characters of the adventure novels of Duma Father. In addition, his biography is partially set forth in Henry Mann's books "The youngest years of King Henry IV" and "The Mature Years of King Henry IV", as well as the French-German film "Heinrich Navarre".
Personal life
Henry IV's personal life was inextricably linked with politics. The first marriage The future French monarch concluded on the orders of Catherine Medici in 1572. His wife became Princess Margarita Valua, which eventually began to call the Queen Margo.
Henry's mother opposed the Union designed to provide the world between hostile religious concessions, but despite the lack of parental blessing, the young ones were in charge of the Paris's Paris Cathedral. However, contrary to expectations, this marriage with a new force will be called the war between the Catholics and Huguenotes, forced the spouses to part for 2 years.
Heinrich and Margarita were reunited in 1578 and settled in the Neraak Castle, where society was organized, alien to religious straight. However, the happiness of the royal couple did not last long. Heinrich, who had numerous connections, ceased to pay attention to the spouse. For this reason, in 1585, Margo went to Paris and finally broke the relationship with her husband, leaving only a joint portrait.
Over the next 10 years, Heinrich did not think about family happiness, leading the war for the French crown. He was surrounded by mistresses, most of whom did not meet the high rank of the spouse of the monarch. Nevertheless, the country needed heir, and, having achieved a cancellation of relations with the former wife, Heinrich IV concluded a marriage contract with the daughter of the Great Duke Tuscany Maria Medici.
To the joy of the king, shortly after the wedding, held in December 1600, the young spouse gave birth to Dofina, subsequently by France under the name of Louis XIII. The king remembered the youth and returned to the former carefree life, compromising himself with extramarital connections and illegitimate children. The most famous from his favorite was Henrietta d'antrag, Jacqueline de Bay, Charlotte Margarita de Monmodrans and Charlotte Desuesar.
Death
In the last years of the life of Heinrich IV, the French life of the French was under threat of a new war between European states. In the ranks of Catholics and Protestants grew discontent with the king, which led to the emergence of a hostile opposition.
In 1610, among opponents, the authorities found a fanatic that decided to kill the monarch. This man was a teacher of Francois Ravaluck, on May 14, jumped at the head of the royal crew and hit Henry IV three times sharply sharpened by the dagger.
This event that occurred in the eyes of the Duke D'Eepernon was shocked by noble. As a result, he could not help Henry, who died from the wounds received.